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From chennai 100% free dating website for discreet hookups and apps available in india. Kapaleeswarar, make friends. Date single women in the ultimate singles. An extensive database of india. 00% free personal ads, india irie, chennai, mumbai, meet indian dating? Every day, india to my best free christian owned dating site. K, make space in the world who are different from across the capital city. India has 29 states with different culture and civilizations and one of the most populated countries in the world. The Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several various cultures, spans across the and has been influenced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old. Throughout the history of India, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by religions. They have been credited with shaping much of Indian,,, and. Was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the. This particularly concerns the spread of,,, and from India to other parts of through the by the travellers and maritime traders during the early centuries of the. To the west, overlaps with in the and. Over the centuries, there has been significant fusion of cultures between,,,, and various tribal populations in India. India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and other religions. Collectively known as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major form of world religions along with ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether, and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers. Followers of Indian religions – Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists make up around 80–82% population of India. Is one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion plays a central and definitive role in the life of many of its people. Although India is a secular country, it has a population. Except for,,,,, and, Hindus form the predominant population in all and. Muslims are present throughout India, with large populations in,,,,, and; while only and have majority Muslim populations. And are other significant minorities of India. According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the practice. (14.2%), (2.3%), (1.7%), (0.7%) and (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many, such as, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism,,, and the are also influential but their numbers are smaller. And also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19–20% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population. And have a long history in India and flourished within. The school originated in India around the 6th century BCE. It is one of the earliest form of and movement in ancient India.,,, and some schools of consider atheism to be valid and reject the concept of, and. India has produced some notable and. According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were not religious, 3% were convinced, and 3% were unsure or did not respond. Philosophy [ ]. Bride in and Groom in in a Hindu Indian wedding. For generations, India has a prevailing tradition of the joint family system. It is when extended members of a family – parents, children, the children's spouses and their offspring, etc. – live together. Usually, the oldest male member is the head in the joint Indian family system. He mostly makes all important decisions and rules, and other family members are likely to abide by them. In a 1966 study, Orenstein and Micklin analysed India's population data and family structure. Their studies suggest that Indian household sizes had remained similar over the 1911 to 1951 period. There after, with urbanisation and economic development, India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear-like families. Sinha, in his book, after summarising the numerous sociological studies done on Indian family, notes that over the last 60 years, the cultural trend in most parts of India has been an accelerated change from joint family to nuclear families, much like population trends in other parts of the world. The traditional large joint family in India, in the 1990s, accounted for a small percent of Indian households, and on average had lower per capita household income. He finds that joint family still persists in some areas and in certain conditions, in part due cultural traditions and in part due to practical factors. Youth in lower socio-economic classes are more inclined to spend time with their families than their peers due to differing ideologies in rural and urban parenting. With the spread of education and growth of economics, the traditional joint-family system is breaking down rapidly across India and attitudes towards working women have changed. Arranged marriage [ ]. Indian bride on her wedding day. Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family-members. In the past, the age of marriage was young. The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, according to 2011 Census of India. In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age of 18. In most of the marriages the bride's family provide a dowry to the bridegroom. Traditionally, the dowry was considered a woman's share of the family wealth, since a daughter had no legal claim on her natal family's real estate. It also typically included portable valuables such as jewellery and household goods that a bride could control throughout her life. Historically, in most families the inheritance of family estates passed down the male line. Since 1956, Indian laws treat males and females as equal in matters of inheritance without a legal will. Indians are increasingly using a legal will for inheritance and property succession, with about 20 percent using a legal will by 2004. In India, the divorce rate is low — 1% compared with about 40% in the United States. These statistics do not reflect a complete picture, though. There is a dearth of scientific surveys or studies on Indian marriages where the perspectives of both husbands and wives were solicited in-depth. Sample surveys suggest the issues with marriages in India are similar to trends observed elsewhere in the world. The divorce rates are rising in India. Urban divorce rates are much higher. Women initiate about 80 percent of divorces in India. Opinion is divided over what the phenomenon means: for traditionalists the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of a healthy new empowerment for women. Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages. Surveyed 41,554 households across 33 in 2005. They find that the marriage trends in India are similar to trends observed over last 40 years in China, Japan and other nations. The study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) were also increasing, particularly in the urban parts of India. Wedding rituals [ ]. A Hindu wedding ritual in progress. The bride and the groom are seated together, receiving instructions from the priest. The sacred square fire container ( kund) is behind the priest. Weddings are festive occasions in India with extensive decorations, colors, music, dance, costumes and rituals that depend on the religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences. The nation celebrates about 10 million weddings per year, of which over 80% are. While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, vivaha (wedding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life. Typical Hindu families spend significant effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals and process of a Hindu wedding vary depending on region of India, local adaptations, resources of the family and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevertheless, there are a few common in – Kanyadaan, Panigrahana, and Saptapadi; these are respectively, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. After the seventh step and vows of, the couple is legally husband and wife. Sikhs get married through a ceremony called Anand Karaj. The couple walk around the holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib four times. Indian Muslims celebrate a traditional following customs similar to those practiced in the Middle East. The rituals include Nikah, payment of financial dower called Mahr by the groom to the bride, signing of marriage contract, and a reception. Indian follow customs similar to those practiced in the Christian countries in the West in states like Goa but have more Indian customs in other states. Greetings [ ]. A dancer making a gesture. Greetings include Namaste (Hindi and Sanskrit), (Hindi), Juhar/Namaskar in, (), Namaskara (), Namaskaram (, ), Vanakkam (), Nomoshkaar (), Nomoskar (). All these are common spoken greetings or salutations when people meet, and are forms of farewell when they depart. Namaskar is considered slightly more formal than Namaste but both express deep respect. Namaskar is commonly used in India and by, Jains and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the. In Indian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, the same hands folded gesture may be made wordlessly or said without the folded hand gesture. The word is derived from (namah): to, reverential, and, and (te): 'to you'. Taken literally, it means 'I bow to you'. In Hinduism it means 'I bow to the divine in you.' In most Indian families, younger men and women are taught to seek the blessing of their elders by reverentially bowing to their elders. This custom is known as. Festival, with, is an Assamese Hindu tradition; it coincides with in north India, which is observed by Sikhs and Hindus. India, being a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three, the, the and the, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Several such as, and are also fairly popular. Indian New year festival are celebrated in different part of India with unique style in different times.,,,,, and are the New years festival of different part of India. Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains across the country and, celebrated by Buddhists. Sikh festivals, such as, are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindus of and where the two communities together form an overwhelming majority of the population. Adding colours to the culture of India, the is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of, which is the easternmost state of India. Is the most important festival among the Parsi community of India. Is the second largest religion with over 172 million Muslims, according to India's 2011 census. The Islamic festivals which are observed and are declared public holiday in India are;, -(Bakri Eid),, and. Some of the Indian states have declared regional holiday's for the particular regional popular festivals; such as, and. Christianity is India's third largest religion. With over 23 million Christians, of which 17 million are Roman Catholics, India is home to many Christian festivals. The country celebrates and as public holidays. Regional and community fairs are also common festival in India. For example, Pushkar fair of Rajasthan is one of the world's largest markets of cattle and livestock. Cows depicted in the decorated of the in. The varied and rich has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness in India is which was adopted by the British to the English language. The word has been also made famous in. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the and the. In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of (non-violence), and bringer of good fortune and wealth. For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship. This is why beef remains a taboo food in mainstream Hindu and Jain society. As of January 2012, cow remains a divisive and controversial topic in India. Several states of India have passed laws to protect cows, while many states have no restrictions on the production and consumption of beef. Some groups oppose the butchering of cows, while other secular groups argue that what kind of meat one eats ought to be a matter of personal choice in a democracy. Enacted a law in January 2012, namely the Gau-Vansh Vadh Pratishedh (Sanshodhan) Act, which makes cow slaughter a serious offence. Gujarat, a western state of India, has the Animal Preservation Act, enacted in October 2011, that prohibits killing of cows along with buying, selling and transport of beef. In contrast, Odisha, Assam and Andhra Pradesh allow butchering of cattle with a fit-for-slaughter certificate. In the states of West Bengal and Kerala, consumption of beef is not deemed an offence. Contrary to stereotypes, a sizeable number of Hindus eat beef, and many argue that their scriptures, such as Vedic and Upanishadic texts do not prohibit its consumption. In southern Indian state Kerala, for instance, beef accounts for nearly half of all meat consumed by all communities, including Hindus. Sociologists theorise that the widespread consumption of cow meat in India is because it is a far cheaper source of animal protein for the poor than mutton or chicken, which retail at double the price. For these reasons, India's beef consumption post-independence in 1947 has witnessed a much faster growth than any other kind of meat; currently, India is one of the five largest producer and consumer of cattle livestock meat in the world. A beef ban has been made in Maharashtra and other states as of 2015. While states such as Madhya Pradesh are passing local laws to prevent cruelty to cows, other Indians are arguing 'If the real objective is to prevent cruelty to animals, then why single out the cow when hundreds of other animals are maltreated?' One other big animal is Teddish Cuisine [ ]. Is diverse, ranging from very spicy to very mild, varying with seasons in each region. These reflect the,, culinary innovations and cultural diversity. Food in India is sometimes served in – a plate with rice, bread and a selection of sides. Above are thali samples. Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to sensuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold McGee, a favourite of many Michelin-starred chefs, writes 'for sheer inventiveness with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India.' I travel to India at least three to four times a year. It's always inspirational. There is so much to learn from India because each and every state is a country by itself and each has its own cuisine. There are lots of things to learn about the different cuisines – it just amazes me. I keep my mind open and like to explore different places and pick up different influences as I go along. I don't actually think that there is a single state in India that I haven't visited.. Indian food is a cosmopolitan cuisine that has so many ingredients. I don't think any cuisine in the world has got so many influences the way that Indian food has. It is a very rich cuisine and is very varied. Every region in the world has their own sense of how Indian food should be perceived. Nimmatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi (Book of Recipes), written about 1500 C.E, documents the fine art of making, a milk based dessert of India: Select the cows carefully; to get quality milk, pay attention to what the cows eat; feed them sugar canes; use this milk to make the best Kheer. While, another popular variant is. According to, a member of Singapore Airlines' International Culinary Panel, Indian food has long been an expression of world cuisine. Kapoor claims, 'if you looked back in India's history and study the food that our ancestors ate, you will notice how much attention was paid to the planning and cooking of a meal. Great thought was given to the texture and taste of each dish.' One such historical record is Mānasollāsa, (: मानसोल्लास, The Delight of Mind), written in the 12th century. The book describes the need to change cuisine and food with seasons, various methods of cooking, the best blend of flavours, the feel of various foods, planning and style of dining amongst other things. India is known for its love for food and spices. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the local produce, cultural diversity, and of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories –,, eastern, western, and northeastern. The diversity of Indian cuisine is characterised by the differing use of many and herbs, a wide assortment of recipes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is, many Indian dishes also include meats like,, (both cow and buffalo), and fish, egg and other seafood. Fish-based cuisines are common in eastern states of India, particularly and the western state of. Some Indian confectionery from hundreds of varieties. In certain parts of India, these are called mithai or sweets. Sugar and desserts have a long history in India: by about 500 BCE, people in India had developed the technology to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called khanda (खण्ड), which is the source of the word candy. Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of certain food preparations and are used to enhance the flavour of a dish and create unique flavours and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the,,, and. Sweets are also very popular among Indians, particularly in where both and distribute sweets to mark joyous occasions. Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. In most Indian restaurants outside India, the menu does not do justice to the enormous variety of Indian cuisine available – the most common cuisine served on the menu would be ( is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom). There do exist some restaurants serving cuisines from other regions of India, although these are few and far between. Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of the most sought after trade commodities. The between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as and, set out to find new trade routes with India leading to the. The popularity of, which originated in India, across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as the 'pan-Asian' dish. Regional Indian cuisine continues to evolve. A fusion of East Asian and Western cooking methods with traditional cuisines, along with regional adaptations of fast food are prominent in major Indian cities. The cuisine of consists of the, of Telangana's as well as (also known as Nizami cuisine), of Telangana's. Is based heavily on non-vegetarian ingredients while, is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu food is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally tends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberally as souring agents. Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch is consumed with a variety of curries and lentil. Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular. Hyderabadi cuisine includes popular delicacies such as,, and Kheema, while Hyderabadi day to day dishes see some commonalities with Telanganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with meat. Is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering. Clothing [ ]. Illustration of different styles of, and worn by women in India. Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography, climate and rural/urban settings. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as for women and or or panche (in Kannada) for men. Stitched clothes are also popular such as or salwar-kameez for women, with dupatta (long scarf) thrown over shoulder completing the outfit. Salwar is often loose fitting, while churidar is a tighter cut. Indian women perfect their sense of charm and fashion with make up and ornaments. Bindi, mehendi, earrings, bangles and other jewelry are common. On special occasions, such as marriage ceremonies and festivals, women may wear cheerful colours with various ornaments made with gold, silver or other regional stones and gems. Is often an essential part of a Hindu woman's make up. Worn on their forehead, some consider the bindi as an auspicious mark. Traditionally, the red bindi was worn only by married Hindu women, and coloured bindi was worn by single women, but now all colours and glitter has become a part of women's fashion. Some women wear – a traditional red or orange-red powder (vermilion) in the parting of their hair (locally called mang). Sindoor is the traditional mark of a married woman for Hindus. Single Hindu women do not wear sindoor; neither do over 1 million Indian women from religions other than Hindu and agnostics/atheists who may be married. The make up and clothing styles differ regionally between the Hindu groups, and also by climate or religion, with Christians preferring Western and Muslim preferring the Arabic styles. For men, stitched versions include - and European-style trousers and shirts. In urban and semi-urban centres, men and women of all religious backgrounds, can often be seen in jeans, trousers, shirts, suits, kurtas and variety of other fashions. Literary records suggest India had interacted in languages of other ancient civilisations. This inscription is from Indian emperor, carved in stone about 250 BCE, found in Afghanistan. Inscriptions are in and, with ideas of non-violence against men and all living beings, as the doctrine of – spiritual maturity. — Sir William Jones, 1786 The is one of the oldest attestations of any, and one of the earliest attested members of the. The discovery of Sanskrit by early European explorers of India led to the development of comparative Philology. The scholars of the 18th century were struck by the far reaching similarity of Sanskrit, both in grammar and vocabulary, to the classical languages of Europe. Intensive scientific studies that followed have established that Sanskrit and many Indian derivative languages belong to the family which includes English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Celtic, Greek, Baltic, Armenian, Persian, Tocharian and other Indo-European languages., one of India's major classical language, descends from languages spoken around the third millennium BCE in peninsular India. The earliest inscriptions of Tamil have been found on pottery dating back to 500 BC. Has existed for over two thousand years and the earliest records found date from around the 3rd century BCE. Language families in India and its neighbouring countries. India has 22 official languages – 15 of which are. The 2001 census of India found 122 in active use. The second map shows the distribution of the Indo-European languages throughout the world. The evolution of language within India may be distinguished over three periods: old, middle and modern Indo-Aryan. The classical form of old Indo-Aryan was sanskrit meaning polished, cultivated and correct, in distinction to Prakrit – the practical language of the migrating masses evolving without concern to proper pronunciation or grammar, the structure of language changing as those masses mingled, settled new lands and adopted words from people of other native languages. Prakrita became middle Indo-Aryan leading to Pali (the language of early Buddhists and Ashoka era in 200–300 BCE), Prakrit (the language of Jain philosophers) and Apabhramsa (the language blend at the final stage of middle Indo-Aryan). It is Apabhramsa, scholars claim, that flowered into Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi and many other languages now in use in India's north, east and west. All of these Indian languages have roots and structure similar to Sanskrit, to each other and to other Indo-European languages. Thus we have in India three thousand years of continuous linguistic history recorded and preserved in literary documents. This enables scholars to follow language evolution and observe how, by changes hardly noticeable from generation to generation, an original language alters into descendant languages that are now barely recognisable as the same. Numerous words from India entered English vocabulary during the British colonial era. Examples:,, and. Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India., India's most spoken language, is a 'Sanskritised register' of the. In addition, all modern Indo-Aryan languages, and, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit ( words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages ( words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated to constitute roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, and the literary forms of (Dravidian), and., although to a slightly smaller extent, has also been significantly influenced by Sanskrit. Part of the, the arose from the eastern and its roots are traced to the 5th-century BCE language. Another major Classical Dravidian language, is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium AD, and literary flourished in the 9th- to 10th-century. Pre-old Kannada (or Purava Hazhe-Gannada) was the language of in the early Common Era, the and periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years. The found at (dated 230 BCE) has been suggested to contain a word in identifiable Kannada. Is India's 6th classical language in addition to Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. It is also one of the 22 official languages in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution. Oriya's importance to Indian culture, from ancient times, is evidenced by its presence in Ashoka's Rock Edict X, dated to be from 2nd century BC. In addition to Indo-European and Dravidian languages, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages are in use in India. The 2011 Linguistic Survey of India states that India has over 780 languages and 66 different scripts, with its state of with 90 languages. The Battle at Lanka, Ramayana. It depicts the monkey army of the protagonist Rama (top left, blue figure) fighting —the demon-king of the —to save Rama's kidnapped wife, Sita. The painting depicts multiple events in the battle against the three-headed demon general, in the bottom left. Trisiras is beheaded by Hanuman, the monkey-companion of Rama. The and the are the oldest preserved and well-known epics of India. Versions have been adopted as the epics of Southeast Asian countries like Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven books ( kāṇḍas) and 500 ( sargas), and tells the story of Rama (an incarnation or of the Hindu preserver-god ), whose wife is abducted by the king of,. This epic played a pivotal role in establishing the role of as a principal ideal guiding force for Hindu way of life. The earliest parts of the Mahabharata text date to 400 BC and is estimated to have reached its final form by the early (c. 4th century AD). Other regional variations of these, as well as unrelated epics include the Tamil, Kannada Pampa Bharata, Hindi, and Malayalam. In addition to these two great Indian epics, there are five major epics in the classical —,, and Valayapathi-kundalakesi. Main article: Music is an integral part of India's culture., a 2000-year-old Sanskrit text, describes five systems of taxonomy to classify musical instruments. One of these ancient Indian systems classifies musical instruments into four groups according to four primary sources of vibration: strings, membranes, cymbals, and air. According to Reis Flora, this is similar to the Western theory of organology. Archeologists have also reported the discovery of a 3000-year-old, 20-key, carefully shaped polished basalt lithophone in the. The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the (1000 BC) that are still sung in certain Vedic sacrifices; this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns. It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, as Krusht, Pratham, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturth, Mandra and Atiswār. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. The Samaveda, and other texts, heavily influenced tradition, which is known today in two distinct styles: and. Both the Carnatic music and Hindustani music systems are based on the melodic base (known as ), sung to a rhythmic cycle (known as ); these principles were refined in the (200 BC) and the (300 AD). The current music of India includes multiple varieties of religious, classical,, filmi, rock and pop music and dance. Appeal of traditional classical music and dance is on rapid decline, especially among the younger generation. Prominent contemporary Indian musical forms included and. Filmi refers to the wide range of music written and performed for mainstream, primarily, and accounts for more than 70 percent of all music sales in the country. Indipop is one of the most popular contemporary styles of Indian music which is either a fusion of, classical or with Western musical traditions. Visual arts [ ]. (1870); oil on canvas. Cave paintings from,, and and temple paintings testify to a love of naturalism. Most early and medieval art in India is Hindu, Buddhist or Jain. A freshly made coloured floor design () is still a common sight outside the doorstep of many (mostly South Indian) Indian homes. Is one of the classical painters from medieval India.,,,,, are some notable Genres of Indian Art; while,,,, and B. Venkatappa are some modern painters. Among the present day artists, Atul Dodiya, Bose Krishnamacnahri, and Shibu Natesan represent a new era of Indian art where global art shows direct amalgamation with Indian classical styles. These recent artists have acquired international recognition. In, has on display a few good Indian paintings. Sculpture [ ]. The first in India date back to the, where stone and bronze figures have been discovered. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced some extremely intricate as well as temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at were not constructed by using blocks but carved out of solid rock. Sculptures produced in the northwest, in,, or, display a very strong blend of Indian and Classical or possibly even influence. The pink sculptures of evolved almost simultaneously. During the (4th to 6th centuries) sculpture reached a very high standard in execution and delicacy in modeling. These styles and others elsewhere in India evolved leading to classical Indian art that contributed to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Southeast Central and East Asia. Architecture [ ]. The in illuminated at night. Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Some of its earliest production are found in the (2600–1900 BC) which is characterised by well planned cities and houses. And kingship do not seem to have played an important role in the planning and layout of these towns. During the period of the and empires and their successors, several Buddhist architectural complexes, such as the caves of and and the monumental were built. Later on, South India produced several Hindu temples like at, the at, and the at,, built by Raja Raja Chola, the,, at, and the (Chinna Lanja dibba and Vikramarka kota dibba) at., Borobudur and other and temples indicate strong Indian influence on South East Asian architecture, as they are built in styles almost identical to traditional Indian religious buildings. The traditional system of serves as India's version of, influencing town planning, architecture, and ergonomics. It is unclear which system is older, but they contain certain similarities. Feng Shui is more commonly used throughout the world. Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it also tries to harmonise the flow of energy, (also called life-force or in Sanskrit and / in Chinese/Japanese), through the house, it differs in the details, such as the exact directions in which various objects, rooms, materials, etc. Are to be placed. With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion.,,,, are creations of this era, and are often used as the stereotypical symbols of India. The colonial rule of the British Empire saw the development of style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic. The or the are notable examples. Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple mound or, temple spire or, temple tower or and temple gate or, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensively in and. The central spire is also sometimes called a. The southern temple gate, or is noted for its intricacy and majesty. Contemporary is more cosmopolitan. Cities are extremely compact and densely populated. Mumbai's is famous for its buildings. Recent creations such as the, and the various modern urban developments of India like and, are notable. Sports and martial arts [ ] Sports [ ]. Is a that originated in. It is one of the most popular sports in India. Was considered to be the national game of India, but this has been recently denied by the, clarifying on a filed that India has not declared any sport as the national game. At a time when it was especially popular, the won the 1975, and 8, 1, and 2 medals at the Olympic Games. However, field hockey in India no longer has the following that it once did. Is considered the most popular sport in India. The won the, the, the, the and shared the with. Domestic competitions include the, the, the, the and the. In addition, conducts the, a competition. Is popular in the Indian state of. The city of is the home to the largest stadium in, and the second by capacity,. The city of joy is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top national clubs such as,,, and the. Is commonly believed to have originated in northwestern India during the, where its early form in the 6th century was known as. Other games which originated in India and continue to remain popular in wide parts of northern India include,, and. Traditional southern Indian games include and. In 2011, India inaugurated a privately built, its first motor racing circuit. The 5.14-kilometre circuit is in,, near. The first event was hosted here in October 2011. Indian martial arts [ ]. Originated in India., in India's ancient books, suggests yoga's goal is to help one focus, reflect upon, know and express one's highest self. India's cultural journey with yoga is now popular in many parts of the world. One of the best known forms of ancient Indian martial arts is the from. This ancient fighting style originated in southern India in the 12th century BCE and is regarded as one of the oldest surviving martial arts. In this form martial arts, various stages of physical training include massage with to impart suppleness to the body ( uzichil); a series of sharp body movements so as to gain control over various parts of the body ( miapayattu); and, complex sword fighting techniques ( paliyankam)., which was developed around 200 AD, traces its roots to the in southern India. Silambam is unique among Indian martial arts because it uses complex footwork techniques ( kaaladi), including a variety of spinning styles. A staff is used as the main weapon. The ancient Tamil mentions that between 400 BCE and 600 CE, soldiers from southern India received special martial arts training which revolved primarily around the use of ( vel), ( val) and ( kedaham). Among eastern states, is a martial art found in. Paika akhada, or paika akhara, roughly translates as 'warrior gymnasium' or 'warrior school'. In ancient times, these were training schools of the peasant militia. Today's paika akhada teach physical exercises and martial arts in addition to the paika dance, a performance art with rhythmic movements and weapons being hit in time to the drum. It incorporates acrobatic maneuvres and use of the,, sticks, and other weapons. In northern India, the evolved in 1100 AD and focussed on mental, physical and spiritual training. In addition, the Dhanur Veda tradition was an influential fighting arts style which considered the and the to be the supreme weapons. The Dhanur Veda was first described in the 5th-century BCE and is also mentioned in both of the major ancient Indian epics, the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata. A distinctive factor of Indian martial arts is the heavy emphasis laid on meditation ( ) as a tool to remove fear, doubt and anxiety. Indian martial arts techniques have had a profound impact on other martial arts styles across Asia. The 3rd-century BCE taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was later used in, while various finger movements were taught in Buddhism. These elements of, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts. According to some historical accounts, the South Indian Buddhist monk was one of the main founders of the. Popular media [ ] Television [ ]. Bollywood actors at, Toronto 2011. Indian television started off in 1959 in New Delhi with tests for educational telecasts. Indian small screen programming started off in the mid-1970s. At that time there was only one national channel, which was government owned. 1982 saw revolution in TV programming in India, with the New Delhi Asian games, India saw the colour version of TV, that year. The and were some among the popular television series produced. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially. In 1991, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to. Since then, there has been a spurt in the number of channels available. Today, Indian small screen is a huge industry by itself, and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their own kind some even attaining national fame for themselves. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women, and even men of all kinds. Some lesser known actors have found success in. Indian TV now has many of the same channels as Western TV, including stations such as,,,, and. Producer-director-screenwriter, the 'father of Indian cinema'. Is the informal name given to the popular -based in India. Bollywood and the other major cinematic hubs (in,, Assamese, Kannada,, Marathi,, Punjabi and Telugu) constitute the broader, whose output is considered to be the largest in the world in terms of number of films produced and number of tickets sold. India has produced many cinema-makers like,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and (see also: ). With the opening up of the economy in recent years and consequent exposure to world cinema, audience tastes have been changing. In addition, multiplexes have mushroomed in most cities, changing the revenue patterns. Perceptions of Indian culture [ ]. • ^ John Keay (2011), India: A History, 2nd Ed – Revised and Updated, Grove Press / Harper Collins,, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11 • ^ Mohammada, Malika (2007), The foundations of the composite culture in India, Aakar Books, •; Heuston, Kimberley (May 2005).. 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