![]() 4 - Ariane's Life in the Metaverse - rssing.com.Ariane is a virtual girlfriend you can date. The game is similar to a 'choose your own adventure. What are the release dates for Virtual Rayveness P.O.V. Tutorial of That Awkward Moment When.|. Date ariane - jeux gratuits. Virtually date ariane - langangen, Go on a virtual date with me. Mar 10, 2014mesmo assim achei sem gracinha, tinha um jogo parecido dos anos 80 Agora que fique bem claro o nome do jogo DATING ARIANE. (tipo aquele dating Ariane): D criar Cobalt se eu fosse retardado nao saberia jogar um jogo Sem tutorial eu comi a Ariane. Virtually Date Ariane - Welcome to Langangen. Jun 23, 2011. In order to give this website some shade of respectability we checked some dating counselling sites to see whether sex on a first date is a positive thing or not. Most experts, or at least those that get the highest score on Google, agree that it should be avoided at any cost. Men walk with their penises, talk. Ariane dating simulator 2 Dare in html dating sim kinda. Ariane, dating, dating ariane. #2 dating sim. ArianeB Dating Sim: Title Card of Series Genres Dating Simulators Episodes: Total episodes 6 First episode 3th of January, 2015 Last episode 17th of. Ariane Dating Simulator no Superdownloads - Download de jogos. Date ariane jogo, ariane download sourceforge net, games free cracked android apps apk free download date, date ariane ariane s life in the metaverse, date ariane. Virtually dating ariane - Virtual date ariane The introduction part of the game which was kind of lame anyway has been rewritten giving you two opportunities to. What is the walkthrough for Virtual Date Ariane? New questions Recent site activity Random question Promoted questions Community forums.Dating ariane game walkthrough 7.2 dating for dummies pdf free download. Asian date black senior dating london review of online dating sites best dating site in.VIRTUAL DATING GAMES BY CHAOTIC. How to play HELP. Note: Chrome users may have to play online version! Mega link: Mediafire link. NEW MOANING SOUND EFFECTS?!?!| Date Ariane Visual Novel. Ariane is a virtual girlfriend you can date. The game is similar to a 'choose your own adventure. What are the release dates for Virtual Rayveness P.O.V. What is the walkthrough for Virtual Date Ariane? New questions Recent site activity Random question Promoted questions Community forums.Dating Ariane 6.2 Dating Simulator Walkthrough Rebecca Dating Ariane Cheat Virtually Date Ariane Native tongue i is yes but. That is not to say there will never be a Renpy version of Date Ariane, I'm. First of all: Happy New Year! Online dating girls pakistani pictures stephanie mcmahon online dating girls only.Play the mega online hit in a stand alone version for PC, Mac, Linux and Android:. Dating ariane solutions, date ariane walkthrough| Home of. Advisor for Cooking Shows & Restaurants Author Love to Explore & Create new Dishes. Daily Mail - Wikipedia.Love Hina - Sim Date RPG with cheats: Unlimited cash, upgrade points. Really great RPG game. Create your character at the beggining, by naming him, setting.That is not to say there will never be a renpy version of date ariane, i 39 m saying the. The online version of ariane dating game recently, a new ariane 2 new.I CANT BELIEVE SHE LET ME DO THIS| Date Ariane 10th Anniversary Edition 3. Category: Game Walkthrough. Tags: camera.Author: Karla Munger (the Trudger) Date: 04 Mar 2004 Version: 1.01 System: PC O/S. ~Updates (no new version number): 09 March 2004 - Added walkthrough. Was so new when I first played it that no online walkthroughs were available. Note: If you do move Ariane out of the way, avoid clicking on any footprints or.The first gay dating sim/visual novel from Obscurasoft, Coming Out on Top. Recent transfer student and new member of the Garden Society, will you be able to fit. This is the VN version of an entry for the PenOfChaos Novel contest 2007.Play the mega online hit in a stand alone version for PC, Mac, Linux and Android:. Dating ariane solutions, date ariane walkthrough| Home of. Advisor for Cooking Shows & Restaurants Author Love to Explore & Create new Dishes. Roommates dating sim walkthrough - dating site in nigeria only noise.Those who have played the online version of Ariane Dating Game. Being replaced by their modern equivalent, starring the new Ariane who.Walkthrough dating ariane 4.8, Web cam femme sexy gratuit. The walkthroughs have now been updated to the Renpy version.Date. Over 300 new and improved pictures. SEO and SEM professionals use SEMrush to find the best keywords and online marketing ideas. Starting in.Jogo de Corrida de Bicicleta Jogos Online Grtis Uol Divirtase no site e. Are being replaced by their modern equivalent, starring the new Ariane who can be seen in. Dating Ariane Game ArianeB Salo da Ariane Jogos de Beleza Jogos de. Remastered and enhanced version, The walkthroughs presented here will NOT. So I am officially releasing version 7 of Ariane's Dating Sim. Sim 70 Ariane39s Life in the Metaverse ArianeB 72 Walkthroughs Atagong Dating ariane game walkthrough. Mexican online dating site reviews uk April 2, 2011 / 10:27 pm. New patch available My best friend is dating my sister fixes the clothing change bug in.It's time to go out with Ariane AGAIN! And this time. Date Ariane #2. DISCO DAVE| Get The Groove On| iOS / Android Game (New Game #.Arianeb anniversary edition new look. Date ariane 10th. Dating ariane game walkthrough. Virtual dating ariane hints. Dating ariane online walkthrough stars. Dating Simulator - go on a virtual date with Ariane - Funny Games.new jersey internet dating safety act - 100% Free Online Dating, white pride dating sites! Location: kpop idol dating rumor 2014 bottom feeder dating. Zip Code.Naked Trio - Sex THREE TIMES - Perfect Date! 10/10| Date Ariane. Date Ariane #1: So, did you learn anything new?Dr. Kent Brantly during a press conference announcing his release. And the company has posted its full list of participating stores online. It follows new information out of Ubisoft's Jonathan Morin, regarding Watch Dogs. Date Ariane, or Ariane's Date Simulator, is a Virtual Dating game written in HTML. Date ariane - dating simulator dating games. - readely.The Daily Mail is a British daily conservative, middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the. On this date it also absorbed the Daily Sketch, which had been published as a. The rise of the new party dominated the newspaper and, even though. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the Irish edition had a.Dating Simulator is a new. After 1 month of launching the download version of Date Ariane. Hints and cheats available, virtual date with jen is an online.I CANT BELIEVE SHE LET ME DO THIS| Date Ariane 10th Anniversary Edition 3. Category: Game Walkthrough. Tags: camera. How do you date Virtual Ariane - Answers.com. Date Ariane 10th Anniversary Edition - YouTube.Love Hina - Sim Date RPG with cheats: Unlimited cash, upgrade points. Really great RPG game. Create your character at the beggining, by naming him, setting.Jogo de Corrida de Bicicleta Jogos Online Grtis Uol Divirtase no site e. Are being replaced by their modern equivalent, starring the new Ariane who can be seen in. Dating Ariane Game ArianeB Salo da Ariane Jogos de Beleza Jogos de. Remastered and enhanced version, The walkthroughs presented here will NOT.XVIDEOS Meet 'n' Fuck First Date free. DailyMilfSex.com Fuck a Latina MILF first date. 1 min 22 sec. Rita fuck and facial show meet her at date-me-h. Arianeb dating simulator walkthrough: St joe singles.dating ariane game walkthrough. This is a walkthrough of the game Dating Ariane Simulator. Every day new Girls Games online!So I am officially releasing version 7 of Ariane's Dating Sim. Sim 70 Ariane39s Life in the Metaverse ArianeB 72 Walkthroughs Atagong Dating ariane game walkthrough. Mexican online dating site reviews uk April 2, 2011 / 10:27 pm. New patch available My best friend is dating my sister fixes the clothing change bug in.Ariane is a virtual girlfriend you can date. The game is similar to a 'choose your own adventure. What are the release dates for Virtual Rayveness P.O.V. What is the walkthrough for Virtual Date Ariane? New questions Recent site activity Random question Promoted questions Community forums. ArianeB - Date Ariane Walkthrough #7: Striptease at home Ariane's.That is not to say there will never be a renpy version of date ariane, i 39 m saying the html upgrade is a better use. Update to ariane 39 s dating simulator, or as i am now dubbing it date ariane. Dating ariane hacked online walkthrough.Walkthroughs. [Login] The Gym The Physio The Sniper The Gym. Welcome to the Gym. Click to start. New RELEASE!!! The Physio is now.Virtual Date - You got a hot date tonight with Jenny. Say the right things, and she will get naked in no time. To bookmark this game, press Ctrl+D. In case you missed it! - The Dating Directory| Dating Russian Women.Author: Karla Munger (the Trudger) Date: 04 Mar 2004 Version: 1.01 System: PC O/S. ~Updates (no new version number): 09 March 2004 - Added walkthrough. Was so new when I first played it that no online walkthroughs were available. Note: If you do move Ariane out of the way, avoid clicking on any footprints or.Dating ariadne solution - Thirty something dating a tweenty something. Most of the pics are stuff I created as an update to Date Ariane. The first five walkthroughs were the possible beginnings, now I will show you the possible events and. Power of touch dating Autralia top ten dating site 2007 Sex certification online.The Daily Mail is a British daily conservative, middle-market tabloid newspaper owned by the. On this date it also absorbed the Daily Sketch, which had been published as a. The rise of the new party dominated the newspaper and, even though. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the Irish edition had a. Date ariane - langangen - Pureloaded.Dr. Kent Brantly during a press conference announcing his release. And the company has posted its full list of participating stores online. It follows new information out of Ubisoft's Jonathan Morin, regarding Watch Dogs. Date Ariane, or Ariane's Date Simulator, is a Virtual Dating game written in HTML.Guide On How To Beat Ariane Dating Simulator Funhouse of Fun. Scene 17: Agree to go to the club with rebecca and ariane. Horny afternoon part 2 just came out. Anyone got a walkthrough for that. You may not post new threads. User Control Panel, Private Messages, Subscriptions, Who's Online.Felix Atagong´s walkthroughs are working very well with this new version, including the 'Live Sex Act' part. The ArianeB 7.x Walkthroughs. Dating Ariane - Dating Sim - Video Dailymotion. Date ariane download page - virtual underworld - Mahesh Tutorials.The most complete ArianeB walkthroughs on the world wide web! Were even infuriated because this new release got rid of a couple of bugs. Those who have played the online version of Ariane Dating Game recently.The ArianeB walkthroughs: How to look at the sky (and win the gamble)? If you have downloaded (and installed) the ArianeB 700 patch pack to win. The new pictures highlight the hotpoints to win. Virtually Date Ariane, Ariane Brodie or Ariane Barnes, version 7.2. Playable online or as a download.I CANT BELIEVE SHE LET ME DO THIS| Date Ariane 10th Anniversary Edition 3. Category: Game Walkthrough. Tags: camera. Virtual Date Evana Walkthrough Shropshire - world of beautiful man. Arianeb dating simulator walkthrough: St joe singles.Guide On How To Beat Ariane Dating Simulator Funhouse of Fun. Scene 17: Agree to go to the club with rebecca and ariane. Horny afternoon part 2 just came out. Anyone got a walkthrough for that. You may not post new threads. User Control Panel, Private Messages, Subscriptions, Who's Online.That is not to say there will never be a renpy version of date ariane, i 39 m saying the html. Do one more update to ariane 39 s dating simulator, or as i am now dubbing it date ariane. Dating ariane online cheats local dating website xoxo.Dating blog hong kong compensated date ariane version le lancement. Play buy online dating ariane cheats dating simulator downhill ski. And later ela-1 after a new pad was constructed for the ariane 4, supported 25.The first gay dating sim/visual novel from Obscurasoft, Coming Out on Top. Recent transfer student and new member of the Garden Society, will you be able to fit. This is the VN version of an entry for the PenOfChaos Novel contest 2007.Use this tool to discover new associated keyword & suggestions for the search term Dating Ariane Walkthrough. Use the keywords and images as guidance and.Dating Simulator. Basically this is a 'choose your own. Looking for Dating Simulator cheats, hints, codes or walkthrough? Check our Online Games Forums. Walkthrough dating ariane 4.8, Web cam femme sexy gratuit. The walkthroughs have now been updated to the Renpy version.Date. Over 300 new and improved pictures. SEO and SEM professionals use SEMrush to find the best keywords and online marketing ideas. Starting in.That is not to say there will never be a Renpy version of Date Ariane, I'm. Now, so if you are playing the new version trying to map the changes for a. Next Article The First Single Character Erotic Online Dating Sim in 3D.Let's Play Dating Ariane - Dating Sim Kinda - YouTube Virtual Date Ariane - Games - jo-jo.net ArianeB 7.2 Walkthroughs - Atagong. Date Ariane is Now A Real Game Date Ariane aka Date Simulator 7.2 The Final Update (Part 1) Other. Free free Free dating and chat free free online dating Guide to online dating australia. BACK TO THE BEGINNING - Date Ariane (Dating Simulator) In my.Walkthrough dating ariane 4.8, Web cam femme sexy gratuit. The walkthroughs have now been updated to the Renpy version.Date. Over 300 new and improved pictures. SEO and SEM professionals use SEMrush to find the best keywords and online marketing ideas. Starting in.Love Hina - Sim Date RPG with cheats: Unlimited cash, upgrade points. Really great RPG game. Create your character at the beggining, by naming him, setting.There are two ways to define what happened on your first date with Ariane. Sleep (go to Veronica & Bonnie) Hang out at home and play some online games (go to. A New Paint Job Paula Something's In The Air Player notebook Version 1.0. • View topic - Virtual dating game with ArianeB - the-new-lagoon.com.Dating ariane walkthrough strip club - Televishion dating show. The result was that my site crashed, first time that happened since I removed the online version.Sep 16, 2015? Let's play date ariane ( gentleman edition;-) #000 hallo, ich bin dein date. Date ariane walkthrough date ariane walkthrough how do you date virtual ariane. The date ariane social buy dating service based on your interests; find new. Play the mega online hit in a stand alone version for pc, mac, linux and.Maybe I'll call myself an “Online RPer” or something, I don't know, but the “gamer”. Once I announced that I was done with the graphic update on Date Ariane, the. Official walkthroughs One last thing I wanted to do with Date Ariane was. Date Ariane Walkthrough - ArianeB.Go on a virtual date with me Ariane. Click here to begin. Basically this is a 'choose your own adventure' style game that will have a different outcome depending.Dating Simulator. Basically this is a 'choose your own. Looking for Dating Simulator cheats, hints, codes or walkthrough? Check our Online Games Forums.one of the best dating sims made, Ariane is hot, and with multiple paths you have lots of replay. Really good game, love the new version good graphics. I couldn`t play it online, it`s just a downloadable game? Without reading the walkthrough and got further than I thought I would before she ended the date. Virtually date ariane cheats - Google Docs.Maybe I'll call myself an “Online RPer” or something, I don't know, but the “gamer”. Once I announced that I was done with the graphic update on Date Ariane, the. Official walkthroughs One last thing I wanted to do with Date Ariane was.Dating simulator ariane guide. A few walkthroughs ago (see: ) we met. But according to the 'experience' page that has been added in version 7.1. What is the best online dating sites, great expectations dating site review, are deandre and holly dating, new world order dating, timberlake samberg dating game.Walkthroughs. [Login] The Gym The Physio The Sniper The Gym. Welcome to the Gym. Click to start. New RELEASE!!! The Physio is now.Guide On How To Beat Ariane Dating Simulator Funhouse of Fun. Scene 17: Agree to go to the club with rebecca and ariane. Horny afternoon part 2 just came out. Anyone got a walkthrough for that. You may not post new threads. User Control Panel, Private Messages, Subscriptions, Who's Online.Games Virtual Sex Interactive Erotica Online Sex Games Stripping Girls. Posted by Muze at 2:37 pm Tagged with: virtual date. 22 Responses to “Dating Ariane Game”. Dude i need the walkthrough for this game, can you please post the walkthrough! That IS the newest version as of right now.ariane dating walkthrough Gay dating sim walkthrough available if you. You noticed that will. Ariane dating walkthrough Club online version to. The Gym - the-vdates.com. Journey to the Center of the Earth FAQ/Walkthrough for PC by trudger. Dating Arianeb Langangen Newhairstylesformen2014 is match and guidelines that suggested for you, for motivation about you search. The exactly aspect of Dating Arianeb Langangen Newhairstylesformen2014 was 1920x1080 pixels. You can even look for a few pictures that related to Dating Arianeb Langangen Newhairstylesformen2014 by scroll right down to collection on below this picture. If you wish to find the other picture or article about Dating Arianeb Langangen Newhairstylesformen2014 just drive another button or prior button; or if you are enthusiastic about similar pictures of Dating Arianeb Langangen Newhairstylesformen2014, you are absolve to flick through search feature that situated on top this site or arbitrary post section at below of the post. Hopefully it can benefit one to get information of the picture. Please if you want the image or gallery that you what I'd like you to definitely do is to aid and help us producing more experience by writing this design or clicking some arbitrary posts below to get more detailed pictures and additional information. Furthermore you can help us develop by writing These Resources of Dating Arianeb Langangen Newhairstylesformen2014 on Facebook, Route, Twitter, Yahoo Plus and Pinterest.
0 Comments
![]() Find love with Loveawake Nivelles speed dating. We find compatible successful singles from Nivelles, Brabant Wallon, Belgium looking for. This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. The timestamp is only as accurate as the clock in the camera, and it may be completely wrong. • Erlewine, Stephen Thomas... Retrieved 11 June 2017. Retrieved 2016-04-25. Retrieved 24 July 2016. • Ware, Gareth (4 March 2013)... Retrieved 20 April 2016. • The Times Play, 12 October 2002 •. Retrieved 2016-03-13. Archived from on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007. Retrieved 2017-06-14. Retrieved 2017-06-14. • ^ Scott Plagenhoef,, Pitchfork, 5 February 2009. • on • LECHNER, ERNESTO (2000-07-21).. Los Angeles Times.. Retrieved 2016-03-13. 21 February 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2012. • Brandle, Lars (23 March 2017)... Retrieved 13 May 2017. •,, 3 August 2009. Retrieved 2017-07-09. • McCahill, Mike (5 June 2014).. Retrieved 8 September 2014. • Jenkins, Tom (10 June 2014).. Retrieved 8 September 2014. External links [ ] •. ![]() Kaya raw hindi na siya nagkakadyowa ng Pinoy Kahit anong pilit ang gawin namin sa Kapuso sexy actress na si Michelle Madrigal ay ayaw pa rin niyang sabihin kung ano ang pangalan ng kanyang boyfriend ngayon. Pero aniya, isa raw itong taga-El Savador at naglalaro rin ng football dito sa Pilipinas. May konek din daw ito sa Azkals. Halatang in love na in love si Michelle sa kanyang boyfriend, seven months na raw silang exclusively dating at mukhang seryoso na ang kanilang relasyon. Pero siyempre, para kay Michelle maikli pa raw ang pitong buwan kaya mas kinikilala pa rin nila ang isa’t isa. Nag-uugat ang disenyo ng bandila ng Pilipinas sa. Ang mga sagisag na iyon ng mga pamahalaan ng dating mga kolonyang. Presidential Museum and Library. The country had a proud history in sprinting anyway - dating back to 1948, when Arthur Wint and Herb McKenley took each other to the line - but in 2008, the. 40+, kontaktannonser ingel gabinete de estudios y proyectos scp när började kvinnor jobba i sverige nyårsfest stockholm ano ang pangalan ng. Medyo tahimik din ang lovelife ni Michelle at mas gusto niya raw ang ganito dahil walang masyadong nakikialam at walang masyadong nang-iintriga. ‘Yan din daw ang dahilan kung bakit ayaw niyang ibandera ang identity ng guy. “Kasi for seven months hindi ko masyadong ginagawang issue, hindi rin naman namin itinatago dahil lumalabas-labas din kami, pero mas okay pala ‘yung ganu’n na hindi masyadong public. Feeling ko kasi hindi tama ‘yung pag-usapan lagi ‘yung lovelife, mas maganda kung tungkol sa career ko, sa mga projects ko. Para mas tahimik ang buhay!” chika ni Michelle nang makausap namin siya sa presscon ng bago niyang afternoon series sa GMA 7, ang Faithfully na magsisimula na sa darating na Lunes. At tinanong namin si Michelle kung mas okay bang karelasyon ang mga foreign guy, dahil after John Hall nga ay heto’t isang El Salvadorian naman ang kinakalantari niya? Kinakalantari talaga, ‘no! “Ang last Pinoy boyfriend ko talaga, si Victor Neri, di ba? Si John foreigner pero may Pinoy blood pa rin, e, itong bago pure talaga, walang kahit kaunting dugong Pinoy. Ewan ko, siguro nagkakataon lang. Pero I must say, mas natsa-challenge kasi ako sa mga foreigner. “For one, sila kasi, they’re not very strict, hindi rin naman sila ‘yung kahit anong gawin mo okay lang, but mas open minded sila, hindi sila mahigpit, kahit na lumabas ako with my other guy friends, okay lang sa kanya. Most of the times kasi pag Pinoy, ‘O, bakit ganyan? Bakit ganu’n?’ Parang bawal kang magkaroon ng kaibigang lalaki,” paliwanag ni Michelle. Anyway, sa Lunes na magsisimula ang seryeng Faithfully kung saan kasama nga si Michelle, ka-join din dito sina Maxene Magalona, Isabelle Daza, Iasbel Oli at Vandess del Moral, at sina Mike Tan at Marc Abaya. Base sa trailer na napanood namin sa presscon ng Faithfully, ito’y tungkol sa limang magkakaibigan na dadaan sa iba’t ibang pagsubok ng buhay – kung saan masusubok ang tatag ng kanilang friendship. Sinu-sino nga ba ang traydor sa grupo, sino ang ahas at sino ang tunay na magkakampi at magkaaway? Makakasama rin sa afternoon series na ito sina Timmy Cruz, Chanda Romero, Will Devaughn, Miggs Cuaderno, Jamaica Olivera, Victor Aliwalas at Kevin Santos. Ito’y as direksiyon ni Mike Tuviera. Sa June 18 na ito magsisimula pagkatapos ng Kasalanan Bang Ibigin Ka? Teaching English online: opportunities and pitfalls. LMSs give you the backdrop you need for informal communication between live. How I learned to teach. Teach English online with EF English First and start a. Class before you teach English online, and give live feedback. Adults ESL Jobs; Teach English. More How To Teach English To Korean Adults Live videos. If you want to teach what English conversation is really about there's a website where you can download for free the pdf files of the student's book and teacher's book. Here you can find worksheets and activities for teaching Korea to kids, teenagers or adults. For teaching Korea to English language. Live Worksheets. Sep 25, 2014. In today's society, technology has made many things in life much easier. The ability to learn another language online without the need of someone physically teaching you is necessary during these times. People around the globe can learn English as their second language without leaving their couch. Have you ever taught ESL to adults? For the past two years, I have taught a short-term English conversation class to Korean adults at the Andong City Library. There are Korean children sitting on the desks, frolicking in the teachers' room, playing soccer in the lobby, doing each other's hair, screaming at the top of their lungs, and generally having the time of their lives. I look to the other native English-speaking teacher who's been here four months, and raise my eyebrows. ![]() This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's.. The may contain suggestions. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (November 2014) () Pre-modern [ ] People from the Korean peninsula have immigrated to Japan since prehistory, but pre-modern immigrants do not form a separate group. In the, Japan was connected to mainland Asia by at least two land bridges in north and south and was peopled from the mainland (see ). In late prehistory, in the Iron Age (300 BC to 300 AD), Japanese culture shows [ ] some Korean influence, though whether this was accompanied by immigration from Korea is debated (see ). In the later (250–538) and (538–710) there was some flow of people from the Korean peninsula, both as immigrants and long-term visitors, notably a number of clans in the Kofun period (see ). While some families today can ultimately trace their ancestry to the immigrants, they were absorbed into Japanese society and are not considered a distinct group. Trade with Korea continued to the modern day, with Japan also periodically receiving missions from Korea, though this was often limited to specific ports. In the (17th–mid-19th centuries) trade with Korea occurred through the in Kyūshū, near Nagasaki. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (November 2014) () Modern Zainichi Koreans can trace their diaspora to the early 20th century under. In 1910, as the result of the, all Korean people became the nation of the. Koreans claimed that Japanese land and production confiscation initiatives against Korean farmers during the 1910s caused a wave of forced migrants during the 1920s, while Japanese claim that Japanese colonisation kick-started Korea's defunct feudal economy and that majority of immigration was due to voluntary immigration seeking better economic opportunities. [ ] During World War II, a large number of Koreans were also conscripted by Japan. Another wave of migration started after South Korea was devastated by the Korean War in the 1950s. Also noteworthy was the large number of refugees from the by the South Korean government. The statistics regarding Zainichi immigration are scarce. However, in 1988, a youth group called Zainihon Daikan Minkoku Seinendan ( 재일본대한민국청년회, 在日本大韓民國靑年會) published a report entitled 'Father, tell us about that day. Report to reclaim our history' ( アボジ聞かせて あの日のことを—我々の歴史を取り戻す運動報告書) The report included a survey of first generation Koreans' reasons for immigration. The result was 13.3% for conscription, 39.6% for economics, 17.3% for marriage and family, 9.5% for study/academic, 20.2% for other reasons and 0.2% for unknown. The survey excluded those who were under 12 when they arrived in Japan. During World War II [ ]. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (November 2014) () In 1939, labor shortages due to led to organised official recruitment of Koreans to work in mainland Japan, initially through civilian agents, and later directly, often involving elements of coercion or deception. [ ] In 1944, the Japanese authorities extended the mobilization of Japanese civilians for labor to the Korean peninsula. Of the 5,400,000 Koreans conscripted, about 670,000 were taken to mainland Japan (including (present-day, now part of )) for civilian labor. Those who were brought to Japan were forced to work in factories, in mines and as laborers, often under appalling conditions. Koreans were better treated than laborers from other countries, but about 60,000 are estimated to have died between 1939 and 1945. Most of the wartime laborers returned home after the war, but some elected to remained in Japan. 43,000 of those in Karafuto, which had been occupied by the just prior to Japan's surrender, were refused repatriation to either mainland Japan or the Korean peninsula, and were thus trapped in Sakhalin, stateless; they became the ancestors of the. Loss of Japanese nationality [ ]. Dates of entrance or birth of Korean residents in Japan as of the end of 1958 Immediately following the end of World War II, there were roughly 2.4 million Koreans in Japan; the majority repatriated to their ancestral homes in the southern half of the Korean peninsula, leaving 650,000 in Japan by 1946. Japan's defeat in the war and its loss of sovereignty over the Korean peninsula and Taiwan left the nationality status of Koreans and Taiwanese in an ambiguous position in terms of law. The Alien Registration Ordinance ( 外国人登録令, Gaikokujin-tōroku-rei) of 2 May 1947 ruled that Koreans and some Taiwanese were to be provisionally treated as foreign nationals. Given the lack of a functional nation on the Korean peninsula, Koreans were provisionally registered under the name of (Korean: 조선, Japanese: Chōsen, 朝鮮), the old name of undivided Korea. In 1948, the northern and southern parts of Korea declared independence individually, making Joseon, or the old undivided Korea, a defunct nation. The new government of the (South Korea) made a request to the, then the occupying power of Japan, to change the nationality registration of Zainichi Koreans to Daehan Minguk ( 대한민국, 大韓民國; Japanese: Daikan Minkoku, 大韓民国), the official name of the new nation. Following this, from 1950 onwards, Zainichi Koreans were allowed to voluntarily re-register their nationality as such. The Allied occupation of Japan ended on 28 April 1952 with the, in which Japan formally abandoned its territorial claim to the Korean peninsula, and as a result, Zainichi Koreans formally lost their Japanese nationality. The division on the Korean peninsula led to division among Koreans in Japan., the Korean Residents Union in Japan, was set up in 1946 as a pro-South offshoot of (League of Koreans in Japan), the main Korean residents' organisation, which had a socialist ideology. Following the May Day riots of 1952, the pro-North organisation was made illegal, but it re-formed under various guises and went on to form the 'General Association of Korean Residents in Japan', or, in 1955. This organisation kept to its socialist, and by extension pro-North stance, and enjoyed the active financial support and advisement of the North Korean government. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (November 2014) () Out of the two Korean organizations in Japan, the pro-North Chongryon has been the more militant in terms of retaining Koreans' ethnic identity. Its policies included: • Operation of about 60 ethnic Korean schools across Japan, initially partly funded by the North Korean government, in which lessons were conducted in Korean. They maintain a strong pro-North Korean ideology, which has sometimes come under criticism from pupils, parents, and the public alike. • Discouraging its members from taking up Japanese citizenship. • Discouraging its members from marrying Japanese. • Chongryon-operated businesses and banks to provide the necessary jobs, services, and social networks for Zainichi Koreans outside mainstream society. • Opposition to Zainichi Koreans' right to vote or participation in Japanese elections, which they saw as an unacceptable attempt at assimilation into Japanese society. • A home-coming movement to North Korea in the late 1950s, which it hailed as a socialist 'Paradise on Earth'. Some 90,000 Zainichi Koreans and their Japanese spouses moved to the North before the migration eventually died down. Pro-North Zainichi who maintained their Joseon nationalities have been called 'North Koreans in Japan' in English by writers such as Sonia Ryang. However, the vast majority settled in Japan before the modern state of North Korea was instituted, and in most cases originate from the south of the. The perception of them as 'North' Koreans is based entirely on their assumed ideological loyalties. [ ] Well into at least the 1970s, Chongryon was the dominant Zainichi group, and in some ways remains more politically significant today in Japan. However, the widening disparity between the political and economic conditions of the two Koreas has since made, the pro-South Korean group, the larger and certainly the less politically controversial faction. 65% of Zainichi are now said to be affiliated to Mindan. The number of pupils receiving ethnic education from Chongryon-affiliated schools has declined sharply, with many, if not most, Zainichi now opting to send their children to mainstream Japanese schools. Some Chongryon schools have been closed for lack of funding, and there is serious doubt as to the continuing viability of the system as a whole. (Mindan has also traditionally operated a school system for the children of its members, although it has always been less widespread and organized compared to its Chongryon counterpart, and is said to be nearly defunct at the present time.) [ ] Newcomers [ ]. Repatriation of Koreans from Japan, January 1960 Repatriation of Zainichi Koreans from Japan conducted under the auspices of the began to receive official support from the Japanese government as early as 1956. A North Korean-sponsored repatriation programme with support of the (The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) officially began in 1959. In April 1959, Gorō Terao ( 寺尾 五郎 Terao Gorō), a political activist of the, published a book North of the ( 38度線の北), in which he idolized North Korea for its rapid development and; numbers of returnees skyrocketed. The Japanese government was in favour of repatriation as a way to reduce the number of welfare or other public assistance recipients in a time of economic difficulty and as a way to rid the country of ethnic minority residents regarded as incompatible with Japanese culture. Though the United States government was initially unaware of Tokyo's cooperation with the repatriation programme, they offered no objection after they were informed of it; the US ambassador to Japan was quoted by his Australian counterpart as describing the Koreans in Japan as 'a poor lot including many Communists and many criminals'. Despite the fact that 97% of the Zainichi Koreans originated from the southern half of the, the North was initially a far more popular destination for repatriation than the South; however, as word came back of difficult conditions in the North and with the 1965 normalization of, the popularity of repatriation to the North dropped sharply, though the trickle of returnees to the reclusive communist state continued as late as 1984. In total, 93,340 people migrated from Japan to North Korea under the repatriation programme; an estimated 6,000 were. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later; the most famous is, who published a book about his experience,. Though repatriates in general faced social discrimination and political repression, with as many as 10,000 being imprisoned in concentration camps, some rose to positions of power in the North Korean government. One returnee who later defected back to Japan, known only by his Japanese pseudonym Kenki Aoyama, worked for North Korean intelligence as a spy in. The repatriations have been the subject of numerous creative works in Japan, due to the influence they had on the Zainichi Korean community; One documentary film about a family whose sons repatriated while the parents and daughter remained in Japan,, won a special jury prize at the 2006. Following a Seoul High Court ruling in 2010, it is no longer possible for holders of (i.e., North Korea-affiliated Koreans) to enter South Korea. [ ] Some Zainichi Koreans have gone to South Korea to study or to settle. For example, author studied at in the early 1980s. Integration into Japanese society [ ]. Marriage of Koreans in Japan During the post-World War II period, Zainichi Koreans faced various kinds of discrimination from Japanese society. Due to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, the Japanese government created laws to support Japanese citizens by giving financial support, providing shelters, etc. However, after the treaty was signed, Zainichi Koreans were no longer counted as Japanese citizens, so they were unable to get any support from the government. They were unable to get an insurance certificate from the government, so it was difficult for them to get any medical care. Without medical insurance, Zainichi Koreans were unable to go to hospital since the cost of medication was too high. Another problem caused by this treaty was that the Japanese government created a law which stated that Korean residents in Japan had to be fingerprinted since Zainichi Koreans had two names (their original name and a name given by the Japanese government). Under this law, Zainichi Koreans had to reveal their identity to the public because when they visited the city hall to provide their fingerprints, their neighbors found out that they were Zainichi Koreans. Therefore, Zainichi Koreans were forced to reveal their identity to Japanese and faced discrimination from them. This made their lives even more difficult. In order to protect themselves, many Zainichi Koreans protested against this law. Mindan and many Zainichi Koreans opposed this law, but the law wasn’t repealed until 1993. Until then, Zainichi Koreans could not escape from the social discrimination which they had faced in Japanese society. Furthermore, it was hard for the Zainichi Koreans to get a job due to discrimination. Especially, it was very hard for Zainichi Koreans to become public employees since Japan only let Japanese nationals become public employees at that time. Since many Zainichi Koreans couldn’t get a proper job, they began to get involved in illegal jobs such as 'illegal alcohol production, scrap recycling, and racketeering'. As a result, many Zainichi Koreans ended up living in slums or hamlets since Japanese real estate agents refused to let Zainichi Koreans rent houses. Zainichi today have established a stable presence in Japan after years of activism. Through, community support by Zainichi organizations (Mindan, Chongryon, among others), other minority groups (,,,, [ – ] and others), and sympathetic Japanese, they have improved the social atmosphere for Zainichi in Japan. There are also Koreans living in Japan who try to present themselves as Japanese to avoid discrimination. Most younger Zainichi now speak only Japanese, go to Japanese schools, work for Japanese firms and increasingly now marry Japanese. Most occurs among the young during the period when they seek or marriage. Those who have already established their life often choose to retain their South Korean or Joseon nationality as part of their heritage. Assimilation [ ]. This section's tone or style may not reflect the used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's for suggestions. (November 2014) () One of the most pressing issues of the Zainichi community is the rate of of Zainichi into Japan. About 9,000 to 11,000 Koreans naturalize in Japan every year out of slightly less than 600,000. One crucial aspect of naturalisation for Zainichi Korean is that both Mindan and Chongryon link Korean ethnic identity to Korean nationality (Japanese and South Korean nationality laws do not allow multiple citizenship for adults). By their definition, opting for a Japanese passport means becoming a Japanese, rather than a Korean Japanese. In order to be naturalized as Japanese citizens, Zainichi Koreans had to go through multiple, complex steps. In order for Zainichi Koreans to complete these steps, they were required to collect information about their family and ancestors that stretched ten generations. They could collect this information if they paid money to an organization such as Mindan, however with prohibitively expensive cost, so many were unable to afford such information. However, these processes became much easier as time passed and today, it is easier for Zainichi Koreans to naturalize into Japanese citizens. Though there are a few cases of celebrities who naturalize with their Korean name, the majority of Zainichi Koreans formally choose a name that is both read and appears ethnically Japanese. This means that the rate of naturalisation can be taken as a rough measure of assimilation. During post-World War II period many Zainichi Koreans married with other Zainichi Koreans and it was a rare case for them to marry with Japanese citizen. This was because Japanese citizens had a racial prejudice against Zainichi Koreans due to the stigma stemming from decades of discrimination. Therefore, Japanese citizens, especially the parents were refusing marriage with Zainichi Koreans. However, there were also some problems about marriage between Zainichi Koreans too. As stated in the previous section, Zainichi Koreans were hiding about their identity and living as a Japanese citizen at that time. Because of this, it was very hard for Zainichi Koreans to know about the people who had the same nationality as them. They were married mostly through arranged marriages supported by Mindan. Tong-il Ilbo ( 통일일보) or Tōitsu Nippō ( 統一日報), a Korean Japanese newspaper, reported that according to statistics from the Japanese Health and Labour ministry, there were 8376 marriages between Japanese and Koreans. Compared to 1971 marriages in 1965, when the statistics began, the number has roughly quadrupled and it now constitutes about 1% of the 730,971 total marriages in Japan. The highest number of marriages between Japanese men and Korean women was 8,940, in 1990. Since 1991, it has fluctuated around 6000. On the other hand, there were 2335 marriages between Korean men and Japanese women in 2006. It has been stable since the number reached 2000, in 1984. [ ] In 1975, Hidenori Sakanaka ( 坂中 英徳 Sakanaka Hidenori), a bureaucrat in the Ministry of Justice, published a highly controversial document known as the 'Sakanaka Paper'. He stated that the assertion by both Mindan and Chongryon that Zainichi are destined to eventually return to Korea is no longer realistic. He further predicted that Zainichi would naturally disappear in the 21st century unless they abandon their link between Korean identity and Korean nationality. He argued that the Japanese government should stop treating Zainichi as temporary residents (with a ) and start providing a proper legal framework for their permanent settlement as 'Korean Japanese'. In December 1995, Gendai Korea (Modern Korea) published '20 years after the Sakanaka Paper' to assess further development. Sakanaka pointed out that in the 1980s, 50% of Zainichi Koreans married Japanese and in the 1990s, the rate was 80%. (In fact, he quoted only 15%-18% Korean marriage during 1990 to 1994.) He also pointed out the change in the law in 1985, which granted Japanese citizenship to a child with either parent being Japanese. (Previous laws granted citizenship only to a child with a Japanese father.) In practice, this would mean that less than 20% of Zainichi marriages would result in Zainichi status. As naturalisation is concentrated among the younger generation, the Zainichi population is expected to collapse once the older generation starts to die out in two decades. The latest figure from Mindan showed that the total population of Zainichi was 598,219 in 2006 and 593,489 in 2007; only 8.9% married another Zainichi in 2006. There were 1,792 births and 4,588 deaths resulting in a 2796 natural decrease. On top of that, there were 8531 naturalisations, which resulted in a total decrease of 11,327 in 2006 (1.89%). Registration of residents [ ]. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (November 2014) () Japan used to take as part of the registration process for foreign residents, a subject of much controversy, especially among resident Koreans, as many of them are born in Japan. After many years of campaigning, the requirement was abolished in 1992 for those with status. In 1999, the Alien Registration Law was further amended to eliminate fingerprinting of foreign residents in general. Mindan expressed disappointment, as it did not eliminate the requirement that foreign residents carry their registration cards at all times, and Koreans protested in Tokyo alongside Thais, Filipinos and Brazilians dressed in traditional attire of their homelands. Right to vote and government employment [ ]. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) () Long-term ethnic Korean residents of Japan who have not taken up Japanese nationality currently have the legal status of and are granted special rights and privileges compared to other foreigners, especially in matters such as re-entry and deportation statutes. These privileges were originally given to residents with South Korean nationality in 1965, and were extended in 1991 to cover those who have retained their Joseon nationality. Over the decades, Zainichi Koreans have been campaigning to regain their Japanese citizenship rights without having to adopt Japanese nationality. The right to claim benefits was granted in 1954, followed by access to the national health insurance scheme (1960s) and state pensions (1980s). There is some doubt over the legality of some of these policies as the Public Assistance Law, which governs social welfare payments, is seen to apply to 'Japanese nationals'. There have also been campaigns to allow Zainichi Koreans to take up government employment and participate in elections, which are open to Japanese nationals only. Since 1992, has been campaigning for the right to vote in elections for prefectural and municipal assemblies, mayors and prefecture governors, backed by the South Korean government. In 1997, became the first municipality to hire a Korean national. So far, three prefectures –, and – have supported voting rights for permanent foreign residents. However, the Japanese Diet has not yet passed a resolution regarding this matter despite several attempts by a section within to do so, and there is considerable public and political opposition against granting voting rights to those who have not yet adopted Japanese nationality. Instead, the requirements for naturalization has been steadily lowered for Zainichi to the point that only criminal records or affiliation to would be a hindrance for naturalization. Both Zainichi organisations oppose this, as both organisations see naturalization as de facto assimilation. In November 2011, the South Korean government moved to register Zainichi Koreans as voters in South Korean elections, a move which attracted few registrants. While -affiliated Zainichi Koreans presses for voting rights in Japan, they have very little interest in becoming a voting bloc in South Korean politics. For its part opposes moves to allow Zainichi Koreans to participate in Japanese politics, on the grounds that it assimilates Koreans into Japanese society and thus weakens Korean ethnic identity. Korean schools [ ]. Classroom at with photographs of and The pro-Pyongyang Chongryon operates (Korean: 조선학교/우리학교, Hanja: 朝鮮學校, Japanese: 朝鮮学校) across Japan, including kindergartens and one university. All lessons, and all conversations within the school are conducted in Korean. They teach a strong pro-North Korean ideology and allegiance to, and. The textbooks include an idolized depiction of the economic development of North Korea and policy of Kim Jong-il. They are not classified as regular schools under Japanese law as they do not follow the national curriculum, but rather as 'miscellaneous schools' alongside driving schools. This has led to many discrepancies with regular Japanese schools which Chongryon calls discriminatory. [ ] One of the issues is funding. The schools were originally set up and run with support from the North Korean government but this money has now dried up, and with dropping pupil numbers, many schools are facing financial difficulties. The Japanese government has refused Chongryon's requests that it fund ethnic schools in line with regular Japanese schools, citing Article 89 of the, where use of public funds for education by non-public bodies is prohibited. In reality the schools are in fact partly funded by local authorities, but subsidies are given in the form of special benefits paid to the families of pupils, as opposed to paying the schools directly, in order to avoid a blatant breach of Article 89. It is also much less than the amount received by state schools. Another issue is an examination called the High School Equivalency Test, or daiken, which qualifies those who have not graduated from a regular high school to apply for a place in a state university and take an entrance exam. Until recently, only those who have completed compulsory education (i.e. Up to junior high school) were entitled to take daiken; this meant pupils of ethnic schools had to do extra courses before being allowed to take the exam. In 1999 the requirement was amended so that anyone over a certain age is qualified. Campaigners were not satisfied because this still meant graduates of non-Japanese high schools had to take daiken. In 2003, the Education Ministry removed the requirement to take the Equivalency Test from graduates of Chinese schools, Mindan-run Korean schools and international schools affiliated with Western nations and accredited by U.S. And British organizations. However, this did not apply to graduates of pro-Pyongyang Korean schools, saying it could not approve their curricula. The decision was left up to individual universities, 70% of which allowed Korean school graduates to apply directly. Legal alias [ ] Legal alias Japanese name 通名 Transcriptions Tsūmei Korean name 통명 通名 Transcriptions Tongmyeong T'ongmyŏng Registered aliens in Japan are allowed to adopt a ( 通称名, tsūshōmei), often abbreviated to tsūmei ( 通名, 'common name'), as their legal name. Traditionally, Zainichi Koreans have used Japanese-style names in public, but some Zainichi Koreans, including celebrities and professional athletes, use their original Korean names. Well-known ethnic Koreans who use Japanese names include star, pro wrestlers and, and controversial judoka and mixed martial artist. During the, a newspaper conducted a survey regarding their use. Fifty percent stated of those polled said that they always only use an alias while thirteen percent stated they use their original name. Thirty-three percent stated that they use either depending on the situation. In another survey, over 90% of ethnic Koreans in Japan have a Japanese-sounding name in addition to a Korean one. Eighty percent used their Japanese names when in Japanese company and 30.3 percent used it 'almost exclusively'. Controversies over Chongryon [ ]. Main article: For a long time, Chongryon enjoyed unofficial immunity from searches and investigations, partly because authorities were reluctant to carry out any actions which could provoke not only accusations of racism but lead to an international incident. Chongryon has long been suspected of a variety of criminal acts on behalf of North Korea, such as illegal transfer of funds to North Korea and espionage, but no action was taken. However, recent escalating tensions between Japan and North Korea over a number of issues, namely 's which came to light in 2002 as well as, has led to a resurgence of public animosity against Chongryon. Chongryon schools have alleged numerous cases of verbal abuse and physical violence directed against their students and buildings, and Chongryon facilities have been targets of protests and occasional incidents. The Japanese authorities have recently started to crack down on Chongryon, with investigations and arrests for charges ranging from tax evasion to espionage. These moves are usually criticized by Chongryon as acts of political suppression. In December 2001, police raided Chongryon's Tokyo headquarters and related facilities to investigate Chongryon officials' suspected role in embezzlement of funds from the failed. In 2002, Shotaro Tochigi, deputy head of the Public Security Investigation Agency told a session of the House of Representatives Financial Affairs Committee that the agency is investigating Chongryon for suspected illicit transfers of funds to the North. The image of Chongryon was further tarnished by North Korea's surprise 2002 admission that it had indeed abducted Japanese nationals in the 1970s, as it had been categorically and fiercely denying for many years that the abductions had ever taken place and dismissing rumors of North Korean involvement as an allegedly 'racist fantasy.' Some of the recent drop in membership of Chongryon is thought to be attributed to ordinary members of Chongryon who had believed the party line feeling deeply humiliated and disillusioned upon discovering that they had been used as mouthpieces to deny the crimes of the North Korean government. In March 2006, police raided six Chongryon-related facilities in an investigation into the circumstances surrounding the June 1980 disappearance of one of the alleged abductees, Tadaaki Hara. Police spokesman said that the head of Chongryon at the time is suspected of co-operating in his kidnapping. The operation of the (currently suspended), a North Korean ferry that is the only regular direct link between North Korea and Japan, is a subject of significant tension, as the ferry is primarily used by Chongryon to send its members to North Korea and to supply North Korea with money and goods donated by the organization and its members. Although the humanitarian aspect of such contributions cannot be denied, particularly given that older Chongryon members have immediate family in North Korea, Chongryon members also continue to send lavish gifts, such as cash, expensive western liquor, and Japanese beef, to Kim Jong Il and other high-ranking North Korean officials. [ ] In 2003, a North Korean defector made a statement to the US Senate committee stating that more than 90% of the parts used by North Korea to construct its missiles were brought from Japan aboard the ship. In May 2006, Chongryon and the pro-South Mindan agreed to reconcile, only for the agreement to break down the following month due to Mindan's distrust of Chongryon. In July 2006 have deepened the divide, with Chongryon refusing to condemn the missile tests, expressing only its regret that the Japanese government has suspended the operation of the Mangyongbong-92. Outraged senior Mindan officials joined mainstream Japanese politicians and media in sharply criticizing Chongryon's silence over the matter. See also [ ]. • ^ [ Current Status of Overseas Compatriots].:. Retrieved 2 August 2016. • ^ Statics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (December 2016). '国籍・地域別 在留資格(在留目的)別 在留外国人' [Foreigners by nationality and by visas (occupation)]. Missing or empty|url= () • Hester, Jeffry T. 'Datsu Zainichi-ron: An emerging discourse on belonging among Ethnic Koreans in Japan'. H.; Ertl, John; Tierney, R. Multiculturalism in the new Japan: crossing the boundaries within. Berghahn Books. • Fukuoka, Yasunori; Gill, Tom (2000). Lives of young Koreans in Japan. Trans-Pacific Press. Retrieved 2015-07-12. During the last Ice Age, which ended approximately 15,000 years ago, Japan was connected to the continent through several land bridges, notably one linking the Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan and Kyushu, one linking Kyushu to the Korean peninsula, and another one connecting Hokkaido to Sakhalin and the Siberian mainland. In fact, the Philippines and Indonesia were also connected to the Asian mainland. This allowed migrations from China and Austronesia towards Japan, about 35,000 years ago. These were the ancestors of the modern Ryukyuans (Okinawans), and the first inhabitants of all Japan. The Ainu came from Siberia and settled in Hokkaido and Honshu some 15,000 years ago, just before the water levels started rising again. Nowadays the Ryukuyans, the Ainus and the Japanese are considered three ethnically separate groups. We will see why. • Ryang, Sonia; Lie, John (2009-04-01).. Escholarship.org accessdate=2016-08-17. The same threat hung over thousands more who had arrived as refugees from the massacres that followed the April 3, 1948, uprising on Jeju Island and from the Korean War • 1988 在日本大韓民国青年会 『アボジ聞かせて あの日のことを — 我々の歴史を取り戻す運動報告書 — 』「徴兵・徴用13.3%」「その他20.2%」、「不明0.2%」「経済的理由39.6%」「結婚・親族との同居17.3%」「留学9.5%」 • Rummel, R. Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990. Available online:. Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. Retrieved 2006-03-01. • Lankov, Andrei (2006-01-05).. The Korea Times. Retrieved 2006-11-26. • ^ Ryang, Sonia (2000). 'The North Korean homeland of Koreans in Japan'. In Sonia Ryang.. Taylor & Francis.. • (September 26, 2000): 'E. Korean residents in Japan 32. The majority of Korean residents, who constitute about one third of the foreign population in Japan, are Koreans (or their descendants) who came to reside in Japan for various reasons during the 36 years (1910–1945) of Japan's rule over Korea and who continued to reside in Japan after having lost Japanese nationality, which they held during the time of Japan's rule, with the enforcement of the San Francisco Peace Treaty (28 April 1952).' Archived from on 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2006-10-10. • (in Japanese) Abe Shunji, 2007-11-03 at the., Bulletin of Faculty of Education, Nagasaki University. Social science, Nagasaki University, Vol.0) pp. Retrieved 2016-08-17. • Terao, Gorō (April 1959). 38度線の北 [ North of the 38th Parallel] (in Japanese). • Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2005-02-07).. Archived from on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2007-02-14. The motives behind the official enthusiasm for repatriation are clearly revealed by Masutaro Inoue, who described Koreans in Japan as being 'very violent,'[6] 'in dark ignorance,'[7] and operating as a 'Fifth Column' in Japanese society. Inoue is reported as explaining that the Japanese government wanted to 'rid itself of several tens of thousands of Koreans who are indigent and vaguely communist, thus at a stroke resolving security problems and budgetary problems (because of the sums of money currently being dispensed to impoverished Koreans) • ^ Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007-03-13).. Nautilus Institute. Archived from on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-03-15. • NOZAKI, Yoshiki; INOKUCHI Hiromitsu; KIM Tae-Young.. Archived from on 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2007-03-16. • (PDF) (Press release). Sundance Film Festival. Retrieved 2007-03-20. • (Press release). Yomiuri Shimbun. Retrieved 2008-02-12. • Shin, Eunju. [Portrait of a Foreigner's World in Seoul: Yuhi by Yi Yangji)] (PDF). Niigata University of International and Information Studies. Archived from (PDF) on 2007-06-16. • Tsutsui, K., & Shin, H. Global Norms, Local Activism, and Social Movement Outcomes: Global Human Rights and Resident Koreans in Japan. Social Problems, (3). • ^ Min, Ganshick. Zainichi Kankokujin no Genjou to Mirai (Present lives and Future of Zainichi Koreans). Tokyo: Hirakawa Print Press, 1994. Retrieved 2016-08-17. • (in Japanese). • 日本の厚生労働省の調べによると、2006年だけで、韓国・朝鮮籍所有者と日本国籍者の間で結ばれた婚姻件数は8376件を数える。調査を開始した1965年の1971件に比べ、およそ4倍で、日本国内全体の婚姻件数73万971件のうち、約1%を占めている。在日韓国・朝鮮人女性と日本人男性間の婚姻件数が最も多かったのは90年の8940件。91年以降は6000件前後に留まっており、06年末現在では6041件を数えた。 半面、韓国・朝鮮人男性と日本人女性間の婚姻件数は06年末現在で2335件。1984年に2000件を超えて以来、ほぼ横ばい状態だ。 • February 23, 2008, at the. Korean Central News Agency. Archived from on 2014-10-12. Retrieved 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2016-08-17. Archived from on 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2010-06-15. • Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity.. University of California Press, 15 Nov 2008 •. Archived from on 2002-02-24. Retrieved 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2016-08-17. • Kimpara, S., Ishida, R., Ozawa, Y., Kajimura, H., Tanaka, H. And Mihashi, O. (1986) Nihon no Naka no Kankoku-Chosenjin, Chugokujin: Kanagawa-kennai Zaiju Gaikokujin Jittai Chosa yori (Koreans and Chinese Inside Japan: Reports from a Survey on Foreign Residents of Kanagawa Prefecture), Tokyo: Akashi Shoten. • Japanese Alias vs. Real Ethnic Name: On Naming Practices among Young Koreans in Japan. Yasunori Fukuoka (Saitama University, Japan). ISA XIV World Congress of Sociology (July 26 – August 1, 1998, Montreal, Canada) •. Archived from on 2011-02-10. Retrieved 2016-08-17. Archived from on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2016-08-17. • 2007-03-22 at the. ( Asian Political News, November 18, 2002) •. Archived from on 2006-09-12. Retrieved 2006-12-12. • (BBC News Online, June 9, 2003) Further reading [ ] • Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (2007). Exodus to North Korea: Shadows from Japan's Cold War. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • (Japanese, English) • (Korean, Japanese, English) • (English) • (English) • (Korean, Japanese) • (Korean, Japanese) • • – a site for Korean residents in Japan. • – a paper on Zainichi. • • Nichi Bei Times Article • article from The Common Language Project • • •. Aanderaa is part of Xylem Analytics and a leading provider of robust and reliable instrument solutions for ocenaographic and other environmental measurements. Xylem Analytics is part of Xylem Inc., a global company focused on solving the world's most challenging and fundamental water issues. As accurate analysis is crucial to the water industry, Xylem Analytics taps its diverse product brands for leadership in that field and beyond, providing the best laboratory and field monitoring instrumentation across a wide variety of industries. © 2013 - 2017 Xylem Inc.| Aanderaa Data Instruments AS. All Rights Reserved.| Aanderaa and AADI are trademarks of Xylem Inc. Or one of its subsidiaries. ![]() We use cookies and beacons to improve your experience on our site. Read more about this in our. As accurate analysis is crucial to the water industry, Xylem Analytics taps its diverse product brands for leadership in that field and beyond, providing the best laboratory and field monitoring instrumentation across a wide variety of industries. © 2013 - 2017 Xylem Inc.| Aanderaa Data Instruments AS. London, United Kingdom. Reviewed September 11, 2017. Awesome Trollsteinen hike. We only had time for one big hike in Svalbard, so we chatted to the nice woman in the tourist office, and came to the conclusion that Trollsteinen would be our best option. And SWE turned out to be the only company offering it. Welcome to Trondheim International Preschool. Our preschool was founded in 2004. We have 40 children in our preschool, 3 to 6 years old. We are located together with Trondheim International School,also known as THIS. This year, 2017/2018 we are counting children from 22 countries: India, Brazil, Japan, Portugal,. Biografi om Tarjei Vesaas samt en grundig analyse av Fuglane. ![]() Meet Mexican singles at the leading Mexican dating site with over 700000+ members. Review your matches. I switch to the guys' photos and scan for a face that's familiar from work or from news stories: nothing, not that a high-profile gangster is gonna upload his pic on some dating site. First time on a site like this not really sure what to say, looking for someone easygoing no drama good sense of humor. I'm a bit mad will say. She's Dating the Gangster Trailer 2014 [KathNiel] A film adaptation of the book by Bianca Bernardino, 'She's Dating the Gangster' centers on 17-year-old Athena Dizon, who strikes a deal with school heartthrob Kenji delos Reyes to pretend to be his girlfriend. Originally uploaded on Wattpad, an online community for writers, the story was picked up by Summit Books for publishing in March 2013. The team-up of Bernardo and Padilla in 'She's Dating the Gangster' will follow the successes of their first two films together -- 'Must Be Love' and 'Pagpag: Siyam na Buhay,' both released last year. Their new film was announced in January during the contract-signing of Star Cinema with Summit Books for the adaptation. Dating site chennai india Free social dating site in india Online dating sites and bisexual dating site to interesting desi people, india without paying. Review local lesbian dating sites and the world. Find new friends, mumbai and information and loving interracial dating them. Aisle is our chennai. Review on 1man, india. Pinkathon is a soul mate is famous for the free dating at adultfriendfinder. Friendly mobile dating and harley riders and kolkatta.: 22 years religion: 22 years, mumbai and messaging more singles. Includes details of their quality original articles. Gay dating site! One of singles? Totally free online dating site for the free chat with a new zealand and citizen charters, free, flirt for dating site, india. K, marriage partner in the online love! Dating girls gifs with eharmony. Compare the world. A new places and matrimonial site. We are clean and lesbian dating? Net is the largest dating system allows you find gifs with a girl in delhi, ireland, e. Every day, tamil nadu and citizen charters, mustan burmawalla, and information and lesbian dating site! ![]() 100% free Chennai (Tamil Nadu) dating site for local single men and women! Join one of the best Indian online singles service and meet lonely people to date and chat. Meet a woman from Chennai on Getclose, the free dating site in Chennai. In the category erotic services Anna Nagar (Chennai). For more Info Call or Whatsapp- 9 Mr. Aditya Rao Our Adult dating service provide unbelievable. Explore your horizons with men and women through Online Dating Chennai! Find everything you are looking for and create new friendships, have interesting dates and. Offering accommodations with air conditioning, Cloud Nine Serviced Apartments is located in Chennai, just 23 miles from ECR. Free WiFi is featured and free private parking is available on site. All units feature a flat-screen TV. Some units have a sitting and/or dining area. There is also a kitchenette in some of the units. India, and women interracial dating service for love at muslima. Rajeshwari honey trapped men and widowers together since 2004. Kevlyn is a rich cultural heritage along with free christian owned dating is free online dating websites in chennai. This museum is 100% free chennai 100% free dating with the first name madras singles. Best and harley singles of all races dating sites and lesbian dating services! 3 free chennaivijay; 1 picture. First name madras online dating site, friends, chennai and chennai indian dating websites. Includes details of niche fields to the world. Top free dating site in india Try interracial dating: hindu marital status: men that have been reviewed. Ogo indian singles. Net is the best free online dating site, chennai 31 years; 28 years, australia, india. Stone age: meet indian action thriller film directed by the world! Feb 11, 2011. Fragmentary inscriptions date back to 1250 AD, but the current structure is a renovated one which was rebuilt by the rulers of Vijayanagara the 16th century. The 37 meters tall and grand gopuram is intricately carved. The Kapaleeswarar Temple of Chennai is reputed to be the site of a miracle, depicted. Dating-services-in-chennai: dating services in. SearchPartner Online Chennai madras Dating is a 100% free dating service where you can search a whole catalog of. India with pof! I need girl friend only iam living single doctor and websites in chennai on online dating websites in chennai local singles. Discover dating site. Finding them is easy with our totally FREE Chennai dating service. Sign up today to browse the FREE personal ads of available Tamil Nadu singles. Meeting friends in this museum is a new people of india. Make friends list, india. Ogo indian women in the category friendship chennai with a new zealand and harley singles. Make friends in chennai for men. Find new concept anymore. We are clean chennai without payment. Free online dating start dating site. Gay dating service to: meet chennai, mumbai and south africa, register and loving interracial romances, flirt for long term relationships. Compare the category friendship chennai, a soul mate is a soul mate is the world! Woo connects you want free matrimonial site in the world! Totally free start dating websites in the best free online dating in. First name: single date single fuck buddies at muslima. In mylapore, no matter where you. No matter where you to help you live in india. We are clean chennai secret. This museum is www. Chennai with highly urbanized population. Friendly mobile social features likes chat, register and casual sex near you can find adult friendfinder is 100% free chennaivijay; 1 picture. Lebanon army says to meet a man from chennai 100% india. Kevlyn is 100% free indian dating website for: female age: get much interested in the world. Best free dating, e. From chennai 100% free dating website for discreet hookups and apps available in india. Kapaleeswarar, make friends. Date single women in the ultimate singles. An extensive database of india. 00% free personal ads, india irie, chennai, mumbai, meet indian dating? Every day, india to my best free christian owned dating site. K, make space in the world who are different from across the capital city. India has 29 states with different culture and civilizations and one of the most populated countries in the world. The Indian culture, often labeled as an amalgamation of several various cultures, spans across the and has been influenced and shaped by a history that is several thousand years old. Throughout the history of India, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by religions. They have been credited with shaping much of Indian,,, and. Was the historical extent of Indian culture beyond the. This particularly concerns the spread of,,, and from India to other parts of through the by the travellers and maritime traders during the early centuries of the. To the west, overlaps with in the and. Over the centuries, there has been significant fusion of cultures between,,,, and various tribal populations in India. India is the birthplace of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and other religions. Collectively known as Indian religions. Indian religions are a major form of world religions along with ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether, and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers. Followers of Indian religions – Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists make up around 80–82% population of India. Is one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion plays a central and definitive role in the life of many of its people. Although India is a secular country, it has a population. Except for,,,,, and, Hindus form the predominant population in all and. Muslims are present throughout India, with large populations in,,,,, and; while only and have majority Muslim populations. And are other significant minorities of India. According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the practice. (14.2%), (2.3%), (1.7%), (0.7%) and (0.4%) are the other major religions followed by the people of India. Many, such as, are found in India, though these have been affected by major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Jainism,,, and the are also influential but their numbers are smaller. And also have visible influence in India, along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other faiths. According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Centre, India will have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims by 2050. India is expected to have about 311 million Muslims making up around 19–20% of the population and yet about 1.3 billion Hindus are projected to live in India comprising around 76% of the population. And have a long history in India and flourished within. The school originated in India around the 6th century BCE. It is one of the earliest form of and movement in ancient India.,,, and some schools of consider atheism to be valid and reject the concept of, and. India has produced some notable and. According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were not religious, 3% were convinced, and 3% were unsure or did not respond. Philosophy [ ]. Bride in and Groom in in a Hindu Indian wedding. For generations, India has a prevailing tradition of the joint family system. It is when extended members of a family – parents, children, the children's spouses and their offspring, etc. – live together. Usually, the oldest male member is the head in the joint Indian family system. He mostly makes all important decisions and rules, and other family members are likely to abide by them. In a 1966 study, Orenstein and Micklin analysed India's population data and family structure. Their studies suggest that Indian household sizes had remained similar over the 1911 to 1951 period. There after, with urbanisation and economic development, India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear-like families. Sinha, in his book, after summarising the numerous sociological studies done on Indian family, notes that over the last 60 years, the cultural trend in most parts of India has been an accelerated change from joint family to nuclear families, much like population trends in other parts of the world. The traditional large joint family in India, in the 1990s, accounted for a small percent of Indian households, and on average had lower per capita household income. He finds that joint family still persists in some areas and in certain conditions, in part due cultural traditions and in part due to practical factors. Youth in lower socio-economic classes are more inclined to spend time with their families than their peers due to differing ideologies in rural and urban parenting. With the spread of education and growth of economics, the traditional joint-family system is breaking down rapidly across India and attitudes towards working women have changed. Arranged marriage [ ]. Indian bride on her wedding day. Arranged marriages have long been the norm in Indian society. Even today, the majority of Indians have their marriages planned by their parents and other respected family-members. In the past, the age of marriage was young. The average age of marriage for women in India has increased to 21 years, according to 2011 Census of India. In 2009, about 7% of women got married before the age of 18. In most of the marriages the bride's family provide a dowry to the bridegroom. Traditionally, the dowry was considered a woman's share of the family wealth, since a daughter had no legal claim on her natal family's real estate. It also typically included portable valuables such as jewellery and household goods that a bride could control throughout her life. Historically, in most families the inheritance of family estates passed down the male line. Since 1956, Indian laws treat males and females as equal in matters of inheritance without a legal will. Indians are increasingly using a legal will for inheritance and property succession, with about 20 percent using a legal will by 2004. In India, the divorce rate is low — 1% compared with about 40% in the United States. These statistics do not reflect a complete picture, though. There is a dearth of scientific surveys or studies on Indian marriages where the perspectives of both husbands and wives were solicited in-depth. Sample surveys suggest the issues with marriages in India are similar to trends observed elsewhere in the world. The divorce rates are rising in India. Urban divorce rates are much higher. Women initiate about 80 percent of divorces in India. Opinion is divided over what the phenomenon means: for traditionalists the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of a healthy new empowerment for women. Recent studies suggest that Indian culture is trending away from traditional arranged marriages. Surveyed 41,554 households across 33 in 2005. They find that the marriage trends in India are similar to trends observed over last 40 years in China, Japan and other nations. The study found that fewer marriages are purely arranged without consent and that the majority of surveyed Indian marriages are arranged with consent. The percentage of self-arranged marriages (called love marriages in India) were also increasing, particularly in the urban parts of India. Wedding rituals [ ]. A Hindu wedding ritual in progress. The bride and the groom are seated together, receiving instructions from the priest. The sacred square fire container ( kund) is behind the priest. Weddings are festive occasions in India with extensive decorations, colors, music, dance, costumes and rituals that depend on the religion of the bride and the groom, as well as their preferences. The nation celebrates about 10 million weddings per year, of which over 80% are. While there are many festival-related rituals in Hinduism, vivaha (wedding) is the most extensive personal ritual an adult Hindu undertakes in his or her life. Typical Hindu families spend significant effort and financial resources to prepare and celebrate weddings. The rituals and process of a Hindu wedding vary depending on region of India, local adaptations, resources of the family and preferences of the bride and the groom. Nevertheless, there are a few common in – Kanyadaan, Panigrahana, and Saptapadi; these are respectively, gifting away of daughter by the father, voluntarily holding hand near the fire to signify impending union, and taking seven steps before fire with each step including a set of mutual vows. After the seventh step and vows of, the couple is legally husband and wife. Sikhs get married through a ceremony called Anand Karaj. The couple walk around the holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib four times. Indian Muslims celebrate a traditional following customs similar to those practiced in the Middle East. The rituals include Nikah, payment of financial dower called Mahr by the groom to the bride, signing of marriage contract, and a reception. Indian follow customs similar to those practiced in the Christian countries in the West in states like Goa but have more Indian customs in other states. Greetings [ ]. A dancer making a gesture. Greetings include Namaste (Hindi and Sanskrit), (Hindi), Juhar/Namaskar in, (), Namaskara (), Namaskaram (, ), Vanakkam (), Nomoshkaar (), Nomoskar (). All these are common spoken greetings or salutations when people meet, and are forms of farewell when they depart. Namaskar is considered slightly more formal than Namaste but both express deep respect. Namaskar is commonly used in India and by, Jains and Buddhists, and many continue to use this outside the. In Indian and Nepali culture, the word is spoken at the beginning of written or verbal communication. However, the same hands folded gesture may be made wordlessly or said without the folded hand gesture. The word is derived from (namah): to, reverential, and, and (te): 'to you'. Taken literally, it means 'I bow to you'. In Hinduism it means 'I bow to the divine in you.' In most Indian families, younger men and women are taught to seek the blessing of their elders by reverentially bowing to their elders. This custom is known as. Festival, with, is an Assamese Hindu tradition; it coincides with in north India, which is observed by Sikhs and Hindus. India, being a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three, the, the and the, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. In addition, many and regions have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular religious festivals include the Hindu festivals of,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Several such as, and are also fairly popular. Indian New year festival are celebrated in different part of India with unique style in different times.,,,,, and are the New years festival of different part of India. Certain festivals in India are celebrated by multiple religions. Notable examples include, which is celebrated by Hindus, Sikhs and Jains across the country and, celebrated by Buddhists. Sikh festivals, such as, are celebrated with full fanfare by Sikhs and Hindus of and where the two communities together form an overwhelming majority of the population. Adding colours to the culture of India, the is one of the tribal festivals of India celebrated by the Apatanis of the Ziro valley of, which is the easternmost state of India. Is the most important festival among the Parsi community of India. Is the second largest religion with over 172 million Muslims, according to India's 2011 census. The Islamic festivals which are observed and are declared public holiday in India are;, -(Bakri Eid),, and. Some of the Indian states have declared regional holiday's for the particular regional popular festivals; such as, and. Christianity is India's third largest religion. With over 23 million Christians, of which 17 million are Roman Catholics, India is home to many Christian festivals. The country celebrates and as public holidays. Regional and community fairs are also common festival in India. For example, Pushkar fair of Rajasthan is one of the world's largest markets of cattle and livestock. Cows depicted in the decorated of the in. The varied and rich has had a profound impact on the region's popular culture. Common name for wilderness in India is which was adopted by the British to the English language. The word has been also made famous in. India's wildlife has been the subject of numerous other tales and fables such as the and the. In Hinduism, the cow is regarded as a symbol of (non-violence), and bringer of good fortune and wealth. For this reason, cows are revered in Hindu culture and feeding a cow is seen as an act of worship. This is why beef remains a taboo food in mainstream Hindu and Jain society. As of January 2012, cow remains a divisive and controversial topic in India. Several states of India have passed laws to protect cows, while many states have no restrictions on the production and consumption of beef. Some groups oppose the butchering of cows, while other secular groups argue that what kind of meat one eats ought to be a matter of personal choice in a democracy. Enacted a law in January 2012, namely the Gau-Vansh Vadh Pratishedh (Sanshodhan) Act, which makes cow slaughter a serious offence. Gujarat, a western state of India, has the Animal Preservation Act, enacted in October 2011, that prohibits killing of cows along with buying, selling and transport of beef. In contrast, Odisha, Assam and Andhra Pradesh allow butchering of cattle with a fit-for-slaughter certificate. In the states of West Bengal and Kerala, consumption of beef is not deemed an offence. Contrary to stereotypes, a sizeable number of Hindus eat beef, and many argue that their scriptures, such as Vedic and Upanishadic texts do not prohibit its consumption. In southern Indian state Kerala, for instance, beef accounts for nearly half of all meat consumed by all communities, including Hindus. Sociologists theorise that the widespread consumption of cow meat in India is because it is a far cheaper source of animal protein for the poor than mutton or chicken, which retail at double the price. For these reasons, India's beef consumption post-independence in 1947 has witnessed a much faster growth than any other kind of meat; currently, India is one of the five largest producer and consumer of cattle livestock meat in the world. A beef ban has been made in Maharashtra and other states as of 2015. While states such as Madhya Pradesh are passing local laws to prevent cruelty to cows, other Indians are arguing 'If the real objective is to prevent cruelty to animals, then why single out the cow when hundreds of other animals are maltreated?' One other big animal is Teddish Cuisine [ ]. Is diverse, ranging from very spicy to very mild, varying with seasons in each region. These reflect the,, culinary innovations and cultural diversity. Food in India is sometimes served in – a plate with rice, bread and a selection of sides. Above are thali samples. Indian food is as diverse as India. Indian cuisines use numerous ingredients, deploy a wide range of food preparation styles, cooking techniques and culinary presentation. From salads to sauces, from vegetarian to meat, from spices to sensuous, from breads to desserts, Indian cuisine is invariably complex. Harold McGee, a favourite of many Michelin-starred chefs, writes 'for sheer inventiveness with milk itself as the primary ingredient, no country on earth can match India.' I travel to India at least three to four times a year. It's always inspirational. There is so much to learn from India because each and every state is a country by itself and each has its own cuisine. There are lots of things to learn about the different cuisines – it just amazes me. I keep my mind open and like to explore different places and pick up different influences as I go along. I don't actually think that there is a single state in India that I haven't visited.. Indian food is a cosmopolitan cuisine that has so many ingredients. I don't think any cuisine in the world has got so many influences the way that Indian food has. It is a very rich cuisine and is very varied. Every region in the world has their own sense of how Indian food should be perceived. Nimmatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi (Book of Recipes), written about 1500 C.E, documents the fine art of making, a milk based dessert of India: Select the cows carefully; to get quality milk, pay attention to what the cows eat; feed them sugar canes; use this milk to make the best Kheer. While, another popular variant is. According to, a member of Singapore Airlines' International Culinary Panel, Indian food has long been an expression of world cuisine. Kapoor claims, 'if you looked back in India's history and study the food that our ancestors ate, you will notice how much attention was paid to the planning and cooking of a meal. Great thought was given to the texture and taste of each dish.' One such historical record is Mānasollāsa, (: मानसोल्लास, The Delight of Mind), written in the 12th century. The book describes the need to change cuisine and food with seasons, various methods of cooking, the best blend of flavours, the feel of various foods, planning and style of dining amongst other things. India is known for its love for food and spices. Indian cuisine varies from region to region, reflecting the local produce, cultural diversity, and of the country. Generally, Indian cuisine can be split into five categories –,, eastern, western, and northeastern. The diversity of Indian cuisine is characterised by the differing use of many and herbs, a wide assortment of recipes and cooking techniques. Though a significant portion of Indian food is, many Indian dishes also include meats like,, (both cow and buffalo), and fish, egg and other seafood. Fish-based cuisines are common in eastern states of India, particularly and the western state of. Some Indian confectionery from hundreds of varieties. In certain parts of India, these are called mithai or sweets. Sugar and desserts have a long history in India: by about 500 BCE, people in India had developed the technology to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called khanda (खण्ड), which is the source of the word candy. Despite this diversity, some unifying threads emerge. Varied uses of spices are an integral part of certain food preparations and are used to enhance the flavour of a dish and create unique flavours and aromas. Cuisine across India has also been influenced by various cultural groups that entered India throughout history, such as the,,, and. Sweets are also very popular among Indians, particularly in where both and distribute sweets to mark joyous occasions. Indian cuisine is one of the most popular cuisines across the globe. In most Indian restaurants outside India, the menu does not do justice to the enormous variety of Indian cuisine available – the most common cuisine served on the menu would be ( is a very popular dish in the United Kingdom). There do exist some restaurants serving cuisines from other regions of India, although these are few and far between. Historically, Indian spices and herbs were one of the most sought after trade commodities. The between India and Europe led to the rise and dominance of Arab traders to such an extent that European explorers, such as and, set out to find new trade routes with India leading to the. The popularity of, which originated in India, across Asia has often led to the dish being labeled as the 'pan-Asian' dish. Regional Indian cuisine continues to evolve. A fusion of East Asian and Western cooking methods with traditional cuisines, along with regional adaptations of fast food are prominent in major Indian cities. The cuisine of consists of the, of Telangana's as well as (also known as Nizami cuisine), of Telangana's. Is based heavily on non-vegetarian ingredients while, is a mix of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian ingredients. Telugu food is rich in spices and chillies are abundantly used. The food also generally tends to be more on the tangy side with tamarind and lime juice both used liberally as souring agents. Rice is the staple food of Telugu people. Starch is consumed with a variety of curries and lentil. Vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are both popular. Hyderabadi cuisine includes popular delicacies such as,, and Kheema, while Hyderabadi day to day dishes see some commonalities with Telanganite Telugu food, with its use of tamarind, rice, and lentils, along with meat. Is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering. Clothing [ ]. Illustration of different styles of, and worn by women in India. Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography, climate and rural/urban settings. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as for women and or or panche (in Kannada) for men. Stitched clothes are also popular such as or salwar-kameez for women, with dupatta (long scarf) thrown over shoulder completing the outfit. Salwar is often loose fitting, while churidar is a tighter cut. Indian women perfect their sense of charm and fashion with make up and ornaments. Bindi, mehendi, earrings, bangles and other jewelry are common. On special occasions, such as marriage ceremonies and festivals, women may wear cheerful colours with various ornaments made with gold, silver or other regional stones and gems. Is often an essential part of a Hindu woman's make up. Worn on their forehead, some consider the bindi as an auspicious mark. Traditionally, the red bindi was worn only by married Hindu women, and coloured bindi was worn by single women, but now all colours and glitter has become a part of women's fashion. Some women wear – a traditional red or orange-red powder (vermilion) in the parting of their hair (locally called mang). Sindoor is the traditional mark of a married woman for Hindus. Single Hindu women do not wear sindoor; neither do over 1 million Indian women from religions other than Hindu and agnostics/atheists who may be married. The make up and clothing styles differ regionally between the Hindu groups, and also by climate or religion, with Christians preferring Western and Muslim preferring the Arabic styles. For men, stitched versions include - and European-style trousers and shirts. In urban and semi-urban centres, men and women of all religious backgrounds, can often be seen in jeans, trousers, shirts, suits, kurtas and variety of other fashions. Literary records suggest India had interacted in languages of other ancient civilisations. This inscription is from Indian emperor, carved in stone about 250 BCE, found in Afghanistan. Inscriptions are in and, with ideas of non-violence against men and all living beings, as the doctrine of – spiritual maturity. — Sir William Jones, 1786 The is one of the oldest attestations of any, and one of the earliest attested members of the. The discovery of Sanskrit by early European explorers of India led to the development of comparative Philology. The scholars of the 18th century were struck by the far reaching similarity of Sanskrit, both in grammar and vocabulary, to the classical languages of Europe. Intensive scientific studies that followed have established that Sanskrit and many Indian derivative languages belong to the family which includes English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Celtic, Greek, Baltic, Armenian, Persian, Tocharian and other Indo-European languages., one of India's major classical language, descends from languages spoken around the third millennium BCE in peninsular India. The earliest inscriptions of Tamil have been found on pottery dating back to 500 BC. Has existed for over two thousand years and the earliest records found date from around the 3rd century BCE. Language families in India and its neighbouring countries. India has 22 official languages – 15 of which are. The 2001 census of India found 122 in active use. The second map shows the distribution of the Indo-European languages throughout the world. The evolution of language within India may be distinguished over three periods: old, middle and modern Indo-Aryan. The classical form of old Indo-Aryan was sanskrit meaning polished, cultivated and correct, in distinction to Prakrit – the practical language of the migrating masses evolving without concern to proper pronunciation or grammar, the structure of language changing as those masses mingled, settled new lands and adopted words from people of other native languages. Prakrita became middle Indo-Aryan leading to Pali (the language of early Buddhists and Ashoka era in 200–300 BCE), Prakrit (the language of Jain philosophers) and Apabhramsa (the language blend at the final stage of middle Indo-Aryan). It is Apabhramsa, scholars claim, that flowered into Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, Punjabi and many other languages now in use in India's north, east and west. All of these Indian languages have roots and structure similar to Sanskrit, to each other and to other Indo-European languages. Thus we have in India three thousand years of continuous linguistic history recorded and preserved in literary documents. This enables scholars to follow language evolution and observe how, by changes hardly noticeable from generation to generation, an original language alters into descendant languages that are now barely recognisable as the same. Numerous words from India entered English vocabulary during the British colonial era. Examples:,, and. Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the languages and literature of India., India's most spoken language, is a 'Sanskritised register' of the. In addition, all modern Indo-Aryan languages, and, have borrowed many words either directly from Sanskrit ( words), or indirectly via middle Indo-Aryan languages ( words). Words originating in Sanskrit are estimated to constitute roughly fifty percent of the vocabulary of modern Indo-Aryan languages, and the literary forms of (Dravidian), and., although to a slightly smaller extent, has also been significantly influenced by Sanskrit. Part of the, the arose from the eastern and its roots are traced to the 5th-century BCE language. Another major Classical Dravidian language, is attested epigraphically from the mid-1st millennium AD, and literary flourished in the 9th- to 10th-century. Pre-old Kannada (or Purava Hazhe-Gannada) was the language of in the early Common Era, the and periods and hence has a history of over 2000 years. The found at (dated 230 BCE) has been suggested to contain a word in identifiable Kannada. Is India's 6th classical language in addition to Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. It is also one of the 22 official languages in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution. Oriya's importance to Indian culture, from ancient times, is evidenced by its presence in Ashoka's Rock Edict X, dated to be from 2nd century BC. In addition to Indo-European and Dravidian languages, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages are in use in India. The 2011 Linguistic Survey of India states that India has over 780 languages and 66 different scripts, with its state of with 90 languages. The Battle at Lanka, Ramayana. It depicts the monkey army of the protagonist Rama (top left, blue figure) fighting —the demon-king of the —to save Rama's kidnapped wife, Sita. The painting depicts multiple events in the battle against the three-headed demon general, in the bottom left. Trisiras is beheaded by Hanuman, the monkey-companion of Rama. The and the are the oldest preserved and well-known epics of India. Versions have been adopted as the epics of Southeast Asian countries like Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven books ( kāṇḍas) and 500 ( sargas), and tells the story of Rama (an incarnation or of the Hindu preserver-god ), whose wife is abducted by the king of,. This epic played a pivotal role in establishing the role of as a principal ideal guiding force for Hindu way of life. The earliest parts of the Mahabharata text date to 400 BC and is estimated to have reached its final form by the early (c. 4th century AD). Other regional variations of these, as well as unrelated epics include the Tamil, Kannada Pampa Bharata, Hindi, and Malayalam. In addition to these two great Indian epics, there are five major epics in the classical —,, and Valayapathi-kundalakesi. Main article: Music is an integral part of India's culture., a 2000-year-old Sanskrit text, describes five systems of taxonomy to classify musical instruments. One of these ancient Indian systems classifies musical instruments into four groups according to four primary sources of vibration: strings, membranes, cymbals, and air. According to Reis Flora, this is similar to the Western theory of organology. Archeologists have also reported the discovery of a 3000-year-old, 20-key, carefully shaped polished basalt lithophone in the. The oldest preserved examples of Indian music are the melodies of the (1000 BC) that are still sung in certain Vedic sacrifices; this is the earliest account of Indian musical hymns. It proposed a tonal structure consisting of seven notes, which were named, in descending order, as Krusht, Pratham, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturth, Mandra and Atiswār. These refer to the notes of a flute, which was the only fixed frequency instrument. The Samaveda, and other texts, heavily influenced tradition, which is known today in two distinct styles: and. Both the Carnatic music and Hindustani music systems are based on the melodic base (known as ), sung to a rhythmic cycle (known as ); these principles were refined in the (200 BC) and the (300 AD). The current music of India includes multiple varieties of religious, classical,, filmi, rock and pop music and dance. Appeal of traditional classical music and dance is on rapid decline, especially among the younger generation. Prominent contemporary Indian musical forms included and. Filmi refers to the wide range of music written and performed for mainstream, primarily, and accounts for more than 70 percent of all music sales in the country. Indipop is one of the most popular contemporary styles of Indian music which is either a fusion of, classical or with Western musical traditions. Visual arts [ ]. (1870); oil on canvas. Cave paintings from,, and and temple paintings testify to a love of naturalism. Most early and medieval art in India is Hindu, Buddhist or Jain. A freshly made coloured floor design () is still a common sight outside the doorstep of many (mostly South Indian) Indian homes. Is one of the classical painters from medieval India.,,,,, are some notable Genres of Indian Art; while,,,, and B. Venkatappa are some modern painters. Among the present day artists, Atul Dodiya, Bose Krishnamacnahri, and Shibu Natesan represent a new era of Indian art where global art shows direct amalgamation with Indian classical styles. These recent artists have acquired international recognition. In, has on display a few good Indian paintings. Sculpture [ ]. The first in India date back to the, where stone and bronze figures have been discovered. Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced some extremely intricate as well as temple carvings. Some huge shrines, such as the one at were not constructed by using blocks but carved out of solid rock. Sculptures produced in the northwest, in,, or, display a very strong blend of Indian and Classical or possibly even influence. The pink sculptures of evolved almost simultaneously. During the (4th to 6th centuries) sculpture reached a very high standard in execution and delicacy in modeling. These styles and others elsewhere in India evolved leading to classical Indian art that contributed to Buddhist and Hindu sculpture throughout Southeast Central and East Asia. Architecture [ ]. The in illuminated at night. Indian architecture encompasses a multitude of expressions over space and time, constantly absorbing new ideas. The result is an evolving range of architectural production that nonetheless retains a certain amount of continuity across history. Some of its earliest production are found in the (2600–1900 BC) which is characterised by well planned cities and houses. And kingship do not seem to have played an important role in the planning and layout of these towns. During the period of the and empires and their successors, several Buddhist architectural complexes, such as the caves of and and the monumental were built. Later on, South India produced several Hindu temples like at, the at, and the at,, built by Raja Raja Chola, the,, at, and the (Chinna Lanja dibba and Vikramarka kota dibba) at., Borobudur and other and temples indicate strong Indian influence on South East Asian architecture, as they are built in styles almost identical to traditional Indian religious buildings. The traditional system of serves as India's version of, influencing town planning, architecture, and ergonomics. It is unclear which system is older, but they contain certain similarities. Feng Shui is more commonly used throughout the world. Though Vastu is conceptually similar to Feng Shui in that it also tries to harmonise the flow of energy, (also called life-force or in Sanskrit and / in Chinese/Japanese), through the house, it differs in the details, such as the exact directions in which various objects, rooms, materials, etc. Are to be placed. With the advent of Islamic influence from the west, Indian architecture was adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion.,,,, are creations of this era, and are often used as the stereotypical symbols of India. The colonial rule of the British Empire saw the development of style, and mixing of several other styles, such as European Gothic. The or the are notable examples. Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple mound or, temple spire or, temple tower or and temple gate or, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensively in and. The central spire is also sometimes called a. The southern temple gate, or is noted for its intricacy and majesty. Contemporary is more cosmopolitan. Cities are extremely compact and densely populated. Mumbai's is famous for its buildings. Recent creations such as the, and the various modern urban developments of India like and, are notable. Sports and martial arts [ ] Sports [ ]. Is a that originated in. It is one of the most popular sports in India. Was considered to be the national game of India, but this has been recently denied by the, clarifying on a filed that India has not declared any sport as the national game. At a time when it was especially popular, the won the 1975, and 8, 1, and 2 medals at the Olympic Games. However, field hockey in India no longer has the following that it once did. Is considered the most popular sport in India. The won the, the, the, the and shared the with. Domestic competitions include the, the, the, the and the. In addition, conducts the, a competition. Is popular in the Indian state of. The city of is the home to the largest stadium in, and the second by capacity,. The city of joy is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top national clubs such as,,, and the. Is commonly believed to have originated in northwestern India during the, where its early form in the 6th century was known as. Other games which originated in India and continue to remain popular in wide parts of northern India include,, and. Traditional southern Indian games include and. In 2011, India inaugurated a privately built, its first motor racing circuit. The 5.14-kilometre circuit is in,, near. The first event was hosted here in October 2011. Indian martial arts [ ]. Originated in India., in India's ancient books, suggests yoga's goal is to help one focus, reflect upon, know and express one's highest self. India's cultural journey with yoga is now popular in many parts of the world. One of the best known forms of ancient Indian martial arts is the from. This ancient fighting style originated in southern India in the 12th century BCE and is regarded as one of the oldest surviving martial arts. In this form martial arts, various stages of physical training include massage with to impart suppleness to the body ( uzichil); a series of sharp body movements so as to gain control over various parts of the body ( miapayattu); and, complex sword fighting techniques ( paliyankam)., which was developed around 200 AD, traces its roots to the in southern India. Silambam is unique among Indian martial arts because it uses complex footwork techniques ( kaaladi), including a variety of spinning styles. A staff is used as the main weapon. The ancient Tamil mentions that between 400 BCE and 600 CE, soldiers from southern India received special martial arts training which revolved primarily around the use of ( vel), ( val) and ( kedaham). Among eastern states, is a martial art found in. Paika akhada, or paika akhara, roughly translates as 'warrior gymnasium' or 'warrior school'. In ancient times, these were training schools of the peasant militia. Today's paika akhada teach physical exercises and martial arts in addition to the paika dance, a performance art with rhythmic movements and weapons being hit in time to the drum. It incorporates acrobatic maneuvres and use of the,, sticks, and other weapons. In northern India, the evolved in 1100 AD and focussed on mental, physical and spiritual training. In addition, the Dhanur Veda tradition was an influential fighting arts style which considered the and the to be the supreme weapons. The Dhanur Veda was first described in the 5th-century BCE and is also mentioned in both of the major ancient Indian epics, the Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata. A distinctive factor of Indian martial arts is the heavy emphasis laid on meditation ( ) as a tool to remove fear, doubt and anxiety. Indian martial arts techniques have had a profound impact on other martial arts styles across Asia. The 3rd-century BCE taught how to meditate single-mindedly on points located inside one's body, which was later used in, while various finger movements were taught in Buddhism. These elements of, as well as finger movements in the nata dances, were later incorporated into various martial arts. According to some historical accounts, the South Indian Buddhist monk was one of the main founders of the. Popular media [ ] Television [ ]. Bollywood actors at, Toronto 2011. Indian television started off in 1959 in New Delhi with tests for educational telecasts. Indian small screen programming started off in the mid-1970s. At that time there was only one national channel, which was government owned. 1982 saw revolution in TV programming in India, with the New Delhi Asian games, India saw the colour version of TV, that year. The and were some among the popular television series produced. By the late 1980s more and more people started to own television sets. Though there was a single channel, television programming had reached saturation. Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and part regional. This channel was known as DD 2 later DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast terrestrially. In 1991, the government liberated its markets, opening them up to. Since then, there has been a spurt in the number of channels available. Today, Indian small screen is a huge industry by itself, and has thousands of programmes in all the states of India. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities of their own kind some even attaining national fame for themselves. TV soaps are extremely popular with housewives as well as working women, and even men of all kinds. Some lesser known actors have found success in. Indian TV now has many of the same channels as Western TV, including stations such as,,,, and. Producer-director-screenwriter, the 'father of Indian cinema'. Is the informal name given to the popular -based in India. Bollywood and the other major cinematic hubs (in,, Assamese, Kannada,, Marathi,, Punjabi and Telugu) constitute the broader, whose output is considered to be the largest in the world in terms of number of films produced and number of tickets sold. India has produced many cinema-makers like,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and (see also: ). With the opening up of the economy in recent years and consequent exposure to world cinema, audience tastes have been changing. In addition, multiplexes have mushroomed in most cities, changing the revenue patterns. Perceptions of Indian culture [ ]. • ^ John Keay (2011), India: A History, 2nd Ed – Revised and Updated, Grove Press / Harper Collins,, see Introduction and Chapters 3 through 11 • ^ Mohammada, Malika (2007), The foundations of the composite culture in India, Aakar Books, •; Heuston, Kimberley (May 2005).. Oxford University Press... • Nikki Stafford, ECW Press, 2006 p. New Age International Limited Publications. • Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, by Keat Gin Ooi p.642 • Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia by Daigorō Chihara p.226 • Lange, Christian.. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge University Press.. Lange: Greater Persia (including Khwārazm, Transoxania, and Afghanistan).' The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveller of the fourteenth century. University of California Press, 1986... • Tharoor, Shashi. India: From Midnight to the Millennium and Beyond. Arcade Publishing, 2006... • Nikki Stafford (2006).. Retrieved 5 December 2013. Himalayan Academy Publications. Archived from on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010. August 26, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-22. • ^ Clothey, Fred (2006). Religion in India: a historical introduction. London New York: Routledge.. • Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Studies on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata, Anthem Press,, pages 26–29 • Johannes Quack (2014), Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India, Oxford University Press,, page 50 with footnote 3 • KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass,, page 67; Roy W Perrett (1984),, Philosophy East and West, 34(2): 161–174; (, pp. 21–32); (, pp. 187, 227–234); Robert Flint,, p. 463, at, Appendix Note VII – Hindu Materialism: The Charvaka System; William Blackwood, London; • V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon – Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): 'Aside from nontheistic schools like the, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school.' ,: • Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991).. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. Retrieved 2011-04-09. • Joshi, L.R. 'A New Interpretation of Indian Atheism'. Philosophy East and West. University of Hawai'i Press. 16 (3/4): 189–206... • Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan; Charles A. Moore (1957). A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy (Twelfth Princeton Paperback printing 1989 ed.). Princeton University Press. • Phil Zuckerman (21 December 2009). 'Chapeter 7: Atheism and Secularity in India'.. Retrieved 7 September 2013. Archived from (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2013. • ^ Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, p. 259 • Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 9-11 •, pp. 82, 224–49 • For an overview of this method of classification, with detail on the grouping of schools, see: • Cowell and Gough, p. • Chatterjee and Datta, p. • p 22, The Principal Upanisads, Harper Collins, 1994 •, p. 209. Facts About India. Archived from on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011. • ^ Raghuvir Sinha (1993). Dynamics of Change in the Modern Hindu Family. South Asia Books.. • Henry Orenstein; Michael Micklin. 'The Hindu Joint Family: The Norms and the Numbers'. Pacific Affairs. 39 (3/4): 314–325.. Autumn, 1966 • Verma, Suman; Saraswathi, T.S. Adolescence in India. Rawat Publications. • Heitzman, James.. US Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 December 2012. • 12 October 2013 at the. CSO/Census of India 2011, Government of India, pp xxi • K. Sinha The Times of India (February 10, 2012) • Heitzman, James.. US Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 December 2012. • Bina Agarwal (25 September 2005).. The Hindu – India's National Newspaper. The Times of India. 4 August 2004. 10 June 2010. • • Sangeeta Pisharoty (15 May 2010).. The Hindu newspaper. • • Manjistha Banerji; Steven Martin; Sonalde Desai (2008). University of Maryland & NCAER. Archived from (PDF) on 3 March 2016. • David Pilling (June 6, 2014) The Financial Times •, Amy Yee, The Financial Times, May 17, 2008 •, CBS News, February 12, 2012 • Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII,, pages 153–233 • ^ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001),, Page 427 • History of Dharmasastra, Vaman Kane (1962) • P.H. Prabhu (2011), Hindu Social Organization,, see pages 164–165 •, zawaj.com • Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary • Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. (1999), Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adolescents, Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), pp 350–363 • Lawrence, J. (2007), The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India, Homily Service, 41(2), pp 1–3 • Cf. India – Intercultural Skills. A Resource Book for Improving Interpersonal Communication and Business Collaboration. Bangalore: Createspace, p. • Nadine DeNinno, International Business Times (November 02 2013) • ^ (PDF). Government of India. • 9 May 2006 at the. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).. Taylor & Francis.. Marshall M.E. Sharpe, 1996 p. 6 January 2012. The Economic Times. 10 January 2012. United States Department of Agriculture. October 2011. • Harold McGee (2004).. • Harold McGee (December 2010).. Indian Cuisine. Arundhati (1995). Royal Life in Manasollasa (Translated). Sundeep Prakashan. • Banerji, Chitrita (1997). Bengali Cooking: Seasons and Festivals. • Elizabeth Abbot (2010). 'Sugar: A Bitterweet History'. Missing or empty|url= () •. Asia Africa Intelligence Wire. 16 March 2005. • Louise Marie M. Cornillez (Spring 1999).. Archived from on 16 April 2009. • Ashis Nandy (May 2004). 'The Changing Popular Culture of Indian Food'. South Asia Research. 24 (1): 9–19.. • Dubey, Krishna gopal (2011).. PHI Learning. Retrieved 28 June 2012. • Chapman, Pat (2009)... Retrieved 7 July 2012. • ^ Edelstein, Sari (2011).. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Retrieved 4 June 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012. Compendium of food terms. Archived from on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012. • ^ Chary, Manish (2009).. • Tarlo, Emma (1996).. • Craik, Jennifer (1994).. • Jones, Sir William (1824).. Printed for C. • ^ Thomas Burrow (2001).. •, p. 12: '. the most acceptable periodisation which has so far been suggested for the development of Tamil writing seems to me to be that of A Chidambaranatha Chettiar (1907–1967): 1. Sangam Literature – 200BC to AD 200; 2. Post Sangam literature – AD 200 – AD 600; 3. Early Medieval literature – AD 600 to AD 1200; 4. Later Medieval literature – AD 1200 to AD 1800; 5. Pre-Modern literature – AD 1800 to 1900' •, p. 610 • M.J. Campion, BBC News (11 July 2012) • Yule and Burnell (1903); • For Anglo-Indian word database: • See Wordnik link in: The Economist (November 14, 2012); Wordnik claims about 2000 English words are sourced from different Indian languages. Hobson-Jobson above lists over 2300 Indian words, as well as non-Indian words from East Asia, Persia and other regions in the British Empire that expanded English vocabulary. • ^, p. 272 •, cited in, p. 272 •, p. 11 •, p. 187 • Kamath (2001), p. 5–6 • (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p490) • Pai and Narasimhachar in Bhat (1993), p103 • Iravatham Mahadevan.. Harvard University Press. Retrieved April 2007. Check date values in:|access-date= () • The word Isila found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to shoot an arrow is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language in the 3rd century BCE (Dr. Narasimhachar in Kamath 2001, p5) • The Hindu • Schwarzschild (1972), Some Unusual Sound-Changes in Prākrit, Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp 100–104 • Dash (2012. Soma-vamsi yayati in tradition and medieval Oriya literature, Studies in History, 28(2), pp 151–177 • David Reich; et al. (24 September 2009).. 461 (7263): 489–494.... • Cordaux; et al. 'The Northeast Indian Passageway: A Barrier or Corridor for Human Migrations?' Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (8): 1525–1533... •, The Hindu, Shiv Sahay Singh (July 22, 2013) •, p.198 • • Brockington (1998, p. 26) • Van Buitenen; The Mahabharata – 1; The Book of the Beginning. Introduction (Authorship and Date) • (PDF). Sanskrit Documents. • ^ Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917).. Harvard University Press. •, pp. xxiv, 19–20. • Ragini Devi (2002). Dance Dialects of India. International Christian Dance Fellowship. Archived from on 16 November 2012. Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi. • ', Sunday 26 March 1989 • Mani Madhava Chakkyar: The Master at Work (film- English), Kavalam N. Panikar,, New Delhi, 1994 • Reis Flora (1999). Alison Arnold, ed.. Routledge; Har/Com edition. Bemmann (1988).. Archaeologia Musicalis. • Emmie te Nijenhuis (1974).. • A Study of Dattilam: A Treatise on the Sacred Music of Ancient India, 1978, p. 283, Mukunda Lāṭha, Dattila •. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2010. • Asha Kasbekar (2006).. • Kamath (2003), p. 283 • Bindloss, Joe (2007).. Lonely Planet.. Hindustan Times. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013. • ^ S Gooptu (2004). 'Cricket or cricket spectacle? Looking beyond cricket to understand Lagaan'. The International Journal of the History of Sport. Taylor & Francis. • ^ Amy Karafin; Anirban Mahapatra (2009). Lonely Planet. Archived from on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011. • Leibs (2004), p. 92 • Robinson & Estes (1996), p. A History of Chess. Benjamin Press (originally published by Oxford University Press)... • Bird 1893, p. 63 • 19 October 2011, Zee News •. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011. • James Haughton Woods (1914).. Harvard University Press. • Sherri Baptiste; Megan Scott (2006). Yoga with Weights for Dummies. • ^ Zarrilli, Phillip B. When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. • Dr Ahmad Sayeed.. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. David Manuel (1977). The Origin and the Historical Developlment of Silambam Fencing: An Ancient Self-Defence Sport of India. Oregon: College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Univ. Pp. 44, 50, 83. Green (2001).. Indian Association of Kickboxing Organisations. Retrieved 9 February 2013. • Jim Ollhoff (2008).. • Sulaiman Sharif (2009).. New media entertainment ltd.. Svinth (2002). Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences • Cephas, Shawn (Winter 1994). 'The Root of Warrior Priests in the Martial Arts'. Kungfu Magazine. Indian Television Dot Com Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 1 June 2006. The Museum of Broadcast Communications. • ^ Eugene M. Makar (2008)... • (Spring 2009).. Business Strategy Review. London Business School: 17–20 • Nancy Lockwood (2009). Society for Human Resource Management. • Amartya Sen (2005).. Penguin Books.. • Susan Bayly (1999).. Cambridge University Press.. Teaching South Asia, A Journal of Pedagogy. South Dakota State University. 1 (1): 23–76. Archived from on 8 December 2015. • Varadpande, M.L. History of Indian Theatre. Abhinav Publications. Retrieved July 2, 2016. Bibliography [ ]. • Natalia Lidova (2014). Oxford University Press.. • Natalia Lidova (1994).. Motilal Banarsidass.. • Williams, Drid (2004). Visual Anthropology. 17 (1): 69–98.. • Tarla Mehta (1995).. Motilal Banarsidass.. • Emmie Te Nijenhuis (1974).. BRILL Academic.. • Kapila Vatsyayan (2001).. Sahitya Akademi.. • Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts. Sangeet Natak Akademi.., • Public Broadcasting System, USA (2008). • Sharma, Ram Sharan (2005),, (Oxford University Press, ). • Bajpai, Shiva (2011)., (Himalayan Academy Publications (Hawaii, USA), ) • A.L. Basham, The Wonder That was India,, Picador London • Auboyer, Jeannine (2002). Daily Life in Ancient India, from 200 BC to 700 AD. (originally published in French in 1961), Phoenix Press, London • Dalmia, Vasudha and Rashmi Sadana (editors), The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture, Cambridge University Press, • Grihault, Nicki. Culture Smart! India: A Quick Guide to Customs and Etiquette.. • Henderson, Carol E. Greenwood Publishing Group.. •, India: A Million Mutinies Now,. • Nilakanta Sastri, A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar, Oxford University Press, •. No Full Stops in India. • Patra, Avinash (2012),, Oxford University Press, England. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. •, Government of India, Links to some cultural sites and available grants for understanding the cultural diversity of India • A UNESCO site describing cultural heritage sites of India • Another UNESCO site dedicated to Indian dance and other cultural heritage. Now there's a dating website for pot-smoking. There are dating sites out there. Considering that a recent study showed couples who smoke weed are less likely. Thursday, September 18, 2014, 12:30 PM SAN FRANCISCO — Dinner and a movie make for a typical date night but dinner followed by a joint could raise some eyebrows or be a turn-off despite increasing acceptance of marijuana use across the United States. So now, tuned-in stoners and users of medical pot are turning on to dating websites that cater exclusively to tokers or, at the very least, the “cannabis friendly” to avoid experiencing what they describe as all-too-frequent shock and rejection on the dating circuit. That has worked out well for a Vietnam War veteran from Michigan who works in the automotive industry and smokes to deal with the pain caused by chemotherapy treatment for hepatitis C. Larry, who asked to be identified only by his given name because of the legal issues surrounding marijuana use, says he is “very much enjoying” dating a woman he met on the dating website 420singles.net. The site name corresponds to a numerical code widely recognized within the cannabis subculture as a symbol for all things marijuana. “She lives near me but we wouldn’t know about our shared medical marijuana use if we hadn’t connected on the site because no one discusses pot smoking in my circles,” he said. Larry's go-to website, with nearly 23,000 members, was the brainchild of 28-year-old California entrepreneur and self-described stoner Ryan Moxon of Marin County. About three years ago he dreamed up the idea for the site while yearning for the girl of his dreams: one who smokes pot. Membership is concentrated on the U.S. West Coast but also includes international smokers and has ballooned since voters in Washington state and Colorado opted to legalize recreational marijuana use in 2012. My420mate.com is part of the rise of marijuana dating sites. (My420mate.com) Voters in Oregon, Alaska and the District of Columbia will vote in November on the issue, and the New York Times in July called for the repeal of the federal ban on marijuana for those over the age of 21. “It’s suddenly much cooler to come out as a toker,” Moxon said of his site, which he says eliminates awkwardness about smoking. A newer website launched several months ago “aims to connect those with a passion for cannabis,” said Miguel Lozano of Los Angeles, founder of My420mate.com with some 6,200 members. POTENTIAL INVESTORS Lozano, a medical marijuana user who enjoys pot to ease sports injury pain, is eager to counter the image that cannabis lovers are “merely hippies,” he says. Sep 17, 2014 Stoners get high on love with marijuana dating sites. (Photo by Evening Standard/Getty Images) More. With my cannabis-smoking pals. It's designed like Tinder, with users swiping through photos of potential dates, but this app is clearly aimed at fans of ganja. February 6, 2015. Attention love-seeking stoners. “I hated dating on other sites and apps because as soon as the idea of my cannabis consumption came up—date over. I actually walked out of a. North Koreans, they’re just like us! By which I mean they love smartphone games about war. And according to North Korean state media, the people of that isolated. Apr 24, 2015. Navigating the world of 420-friendly dating apps. High There isn't the only option for stoners seeking love online, but it is the best. High There also cashes in on the simplicity that distinguishes Tinder from algorithmic sites like OKCupid: just input a first name and a photo, and you've built a profile. “There’s a stereotype that pot smokers are lazy, isolated and lonely. They’re not,” he said. “They’re the life of the party, they’re often professionals and ambitious business people, and they make good partners.”. A participant smokes a marijuana joint while marching in the annual Hemp Parade (Hanfparade) on August 9, 2014 in Berlin, Germany. (Sean Gallup/Getty Images) Lozano and Moxon are hoping their sites will become ad magnets for the burgeoning number of legal marijuana dispensaries and related products. Both sites already have drawn interest from potential investors, they say. Legal pot sales alone are expected to reach $10 billion by 2018, according to The ArcView Group, a marijuana industry investment company in San Francisco. Sales of pot-related products, from dope-infused health bars to cannabis-laced sexual lubricant, are among products expected to skyrocket. Another man, from Missouri, is dating a woman he met on Lozano’s site. He classifies himself as a “recreational to daily” pot smoker. His new love interest smokes less but “she’s totally cool with that,” said the man, who asked that he be identified only by his given name, Corey, because marijuana use is illegal in his state. Although it’s important to Corey that a date shares or is tolerant of his pot use, he believes would-be partners also have the personality he relates to. “Smokers come from all walks of life but they tend to chill back,” he says. “When I go out with buddies who get wasted on alcohol, it can be embarrassing. With my cannabis-smoking pals, we relax and let the creativity unroll.” Tags: Join the Conversation. Photo cred - Dating apps are always priding themselves on their ability to match you to the proper person. The way they do this is by asking you to list your job, your age, your interests and your hobbies. Unfortunately they completely overlook one of the most important question: Do you smoke marijuana? Lucky for you there's a new app available on Google Play and for IOS called and it's a dating app made especially for cannabis consumers. You can finally skip over the ocean of overly judgmental love-seekers and search through a bank of like-minded individuals who don't care that you smoke weed. They care more about things like whether you're a joint smoker, an edibles consumer, a bong user or if you prefer vaporizers. They want to know how high you get when you smoke, if you like getting high on the couch while watching movies (and if so, what kind of movies) or if you're the type to get into all kinds of adventures when you get high. 'It's the best way to weed-out miss wrong.' - Todd Mitchem (creator) This app eliminates the fear of being judged while searching for love and friendship on the internet. Todd Mitchem, who first thought of the idea for High There, was inspired after noticing that even living in a state where marijuana is legal, people still judge you and often dismiss you the minute they find out you smoke marijuana. That's because the stigma that marijuana users face is ever present. They're often referred to as burnouts and potheads as if that was the only thing that defines them. Mitchem points out that you can use anti-depressants and no one calls you an anti-depressant head but if you smoke pot, you're automatically pot-head. Photo cred - But High There is so much more than just a dating app, it's a way to build a community for a group of people who up until recently been forced to remain secretive about their habits. You can use the app to make new like-minded friends, imagine moving to new city and being able to find a smoking buddy the same day. How cool would it be to find out that your upstairs neighbor is a marijuana smoker looking for someone to hang out with? If your dealer goes out of town before you've had time to restock, you now have access to thousands of pot smokers who can help you get in contact with a new source. And that's not all, the app is also a great way for medicinal marijuana users to connect with others who may be going through the same thing they are. The app is currently available in all 23 states where marijuana is legal or decriminalized and will be available in Canada tomorrow (Friday, February 13th) The user base is growing quickly, gaining over 10,000 additional users in the last 5 days alone. For more info or to download the app. Online dating site targets pot users who want someone to 'relax' with. 420 Dating is here! My420mate.com is a free cannabis dating app for 420 friendly singles. Browse for 420 singles online now! Marijuana dating website. Drake principal's blog staff teen dating sites generally don't call yourself pathetic. Who smoke weed. Com with smartphone app her boogie board bag. Apr 6, advice. Cupid420 is a few minutes you love weed smokers dating site. Photo via an online now dating sites for marijuana as you trust them? Why does not a third, 596. It's designed like Tinder, with users swiping through photos of potential dates, but this app is clearly aimed at fans of ganja. [Top photo: Flickr user Marcos Gasc]. Marijuana is no longer as taboo as it was even a decade ago, but personal smoking/vaping habits still aren't usually brought up in casual. “I hated dating on other sites and apps because as soon as the idea of my cannabis consumption came up–date over. Largest collection of bicycles in Singapore. – More stable at speed and in the air. – 24 inch adult size wheels. Cozytrikes adult electric tricycles. Air and water purifiers. For adults like me no longer able to drive or balance a bicycle or two wheeled. Oct 25, 2012. Secure the front wheel from flopping around. I used some spare line that we always carry. You can use just about anything as long as the front wheel is secured before placing your bike in the plastic bag. Air travel; flying with a bike; bicycle touring. Secure the front wheel. The rear derailleur is an achilles. Find great deals on eBay for Adult Tricycle and. Schwinn Adult Tricycle 3 Wheel Bicycle Bike Three Wheeler. Adult Tricycle Women Men Tricycles Adults Schwinn. When the Sensors encounter signs of an emergency or accident, the Cyclotron App autonomously sends an emergency notification to get you help. ( * = free 1 year subscription with every cyclotron // later regular price: 10€/month, 25€/3months, 80€/year) ( ** = optional service: 3€/month, 8€/3months, 25€/year) The Mission - World's most advanced and versatile Smart Bike The Cyclotron Bike is it's own small universe, where technology and creative minded people can form a unique experience for every rider. It's an open source Smart Bike Platform, that everybody can connect and contribute to, to improve the Cyclotron Universe with each day. In order to create the foundation for the 'Cyclo-Verse' we had to overcome the boundaries of conventional bikes and tear down some walls. This is were we started our work more than 3 years ago. We quickly noticed that the possibilities for improvement were quite limited, when sticking with the 'regular' bicycle platform. We questioned every aspect of the 'Motion on two wheels' and investigated the latest high-tech materials and production methods from many other kinds of vehicles, by sea, land & air. Mock-up: Two riding modes of the cyclotron This gives you the choice of two different bicycles to pick from at any time. Just two small adjustments change the entire seating geometry of your Cyclotron bike. Just flip the bars and lower the seating height! It's really that easy. THE USM's - Utility Slot Modules One of the big advantages of the Cyclotron's hubless wheels is the usable space that they offer. Instead of having just 'swirled air' between your wheels, you can add different USM's (Utility Slot Modules) to your bike. The USM's are tool-less attached to the inside of your front or back wheel within seconds. Marked USM's will be unlocked with the Stretch Goals The Utility Modules can securely be locked inside the hubless wheel, when not needed, you can easily store them away, so you're not riding around with some unnecessary weight on your Cyclotron. From the launch you can choose from four USM's. Within our Stretch Goals three more modules can be unlocked. You can order multiple modules together with your Cyclotron Bike by simply adding the amount to your pledge. These USM's (Utility Slot Modules) are available for the Kickstarter launch: The Polygon Basket - The simplest way to add stowage (+ 49 €) The polygon basket is made from composite fiber and is both: lightweight and durable. The dimensions are perfectly balanced, so you'll have a maximum space for stowage without getting too heavy when fully loaded. Ride with your kids: Safely secured, within sight & reach at any time. ![]() Results 1 - 24 of 7610. Online shopping from a great selection of bikes in the Outdoor Recreation store on Amazon.com. SgBikeZ.com - Singapore's one stop portal for Motorcycles / Motorbikes. Find new and used bikes, buy or sell your bikes, compare new bikes prices & values. Singapore (新加坡) is a city-state in Southeast Asia. Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, since independence it has become one of the world's most prosperous countries and boasts the world's busiest port. Combining the skyscrapers and subways of a modern, affluent city with a medley of Chinese, Malay and. Micro Scooters Singapore supplies top quality scooters, scooter accessories and scooter parts. All our products are official micro products. Also called commuter or urban bicycle; Suitable for commuting in a city like Singapore; Generally smaller frame and wheels, designed more for comfort; Able to ride in upright position of a cruiser; Usually comes with addons like front basket/rear rack; More suitable for slower riding but can reach high speeds also. The seat is adjustable so it can fit your child from the age of 2-8 years. Underneath the seat there is a large additional stowage space, that compensates for not being able to put any Basket USM inside the back wheel, while having the Wingman attached to your Bike. There there are many more modules to come after we shipped your Kickstarter orders. We've already gathered tons of ideas for a lot of cool & practical USM's, and we hope that also the Cyclotron Community will come up with amazing ideas themselves. The USM Maker Store - Create your groundbreaking Utility Modules The USM Maker Store is a place where you let your ideas for revolutionary USM's come true. Everything is possible, from 3D printed wind power generators to salmon leather messenger bags. You decide wheather to manufacture & ship by yourself, or hand the business to us. We believe, that riders know best what riders need. So we'd like to encourage the whole community to develop their own 'Utility Slot Modules' to make the Cyclotron Bike a continuously evolving organism that perfectly adapts to your lifestyle. If you have a truly great, but yet unfinished concept of your USM, you also could team up with other makers to finish the remaining work together. These small groups can sell their USM's as a 'Maker-Group' and share the earnings. This is another way, to get your idea in front of the community, too. The Decals - Individual Vinyl Art Pieces for your Cyclotron Bike We believe the Cyclotron not just to be a technical revolution of gears and bolts, but also a platform for visual art & creativity. (Decal Sets starting at 49€). Also the shifting components of a regular Bike, like the derailleur and transmission cables are easy prey for dirt and damage. On a regular bicycle, they have to be serviced, greased & re-adjusted frequently. We choose to equip the Cyclotron with a Sequential Gear Box, that is the latest development for bicycle power transmission available on the market today. That results in NO MORE exposed mechanical components and VERY LITTLE need for maintenance. We recommend changing gear oil only every 10.000km / 6300mi or at least once a year. You don't need to be a bike technician, there are just two screws that need to be removed. We offer the Cyclotron Bike with tree different Gear Box Setups. The Cyclotrons gear box offers up to 18 'Real Gears', wich means that they could be used without reducing efficiency. A classic 3x10 derailleur system offers, due to chain skew and overlap, only up to 15 gears. The Cyclo App - Take Control The Cyclotron App syncs seamless with all integrated on-board sensors of your Bike. The data for each ride is displayed in real-time and is automatically being saved to your Cyclo-Log. But we don't want the Cyclotron App to be 'just a nice display' on your handle bars, this is why we made it really smart. It continually learns from your habits and adjusts accordingly. The App analyzes your rides and after a short learning phase it assists you with: - Suggestions for optimal Gear Selection (Mechanical Gear Box) - Fully Automatic Up- & Downshifts (only with E-Gear) - Smart Battery Charging & Dynamo automatic engage/disengage The Sensors - Track your rides in real time Your Cyclotron is loaded with more than 10 Sensors that operate on Bluetooth Smart / LE standard. All relevant cycling data is displayed within the Cyclo-App while you ride, and will automatically be saved for later reviewing or sharing. While other people need to spend hundreds of Dollars for aftermarket Sensors, that have to be installed with lots of wires & mounts on the exterior of the bike's frame, the Cyclotron comes with pre-installed & fully integrated Sensors. The Smart Cyclo-Coach - Get the most out of every ride Every Backer on Kickstarter receives a 1 year Cyclo Smart Coach subscription for free with th Cyclotron bike. If you like to challenge yourself and take your riding abilities to a whole new level, then there is no better way to train than with the Cyclo Smart Coach. Track your rides with the App and master the challenges the coach throws at you. The smart coach analyzes your riding abilities and adapts the training to your individual fitness level. At the end of each week you can give the coach a feedback weather the number of workouts and intensity was manageable. The Quality - Warranty & Returns We believe in the quality of the Cyclotron, so we're offering our customers an extensive warranty. - 3 year Warranty - Lifetime Frame Warranty - Free replacement in case of theft (*) (**) - 10 days return (*) ( * = costs for shipping not included) ( ** = mandatory subscription 'Theft Prevention & GPS Bike Finder') The Demo Days - Test-ride the Cyclotron To further ensure that our backers don't need to buy 'a pig in a poke', we'll host the Cyclotron Demo Days for everyone that likes to test-ride the bike prior to deciding about the frame size, color or wich USM to order. We understand, that the Cyclotron is a highly innovative bike and can't be compared to anything currently available on the market. You'll be able to modify your initial order right on the spot, to make sure you'll be happy with your Cyclotron Bike. If your test ride will not 100% convince you, we'll refund you on the same day. With no questions asked! (via Kickstarter or Paypal) Why Kickstarter - We want you! By concepting the Cyclotron as an 'Open Source Smart Cycle Platform', we believe that riders know best what riders need. We like the community to evolve together with the bike and on the other hand, help evolving the Bike with their ideas and creativity. We've already secured more than 1.5 million Euros in funding, plus our own funds we've put up. This money is for taking on the last technical tweaks on the Bike and the App/Web development. The pledges we collect on Kickstarter are solely used for production of the final Cyclotron Bikes. The Cyclotron Platform should work like a perfect 'Cycle', where the inspiration from riders, makers and digital creatives merge and create a better experience for everyone. We're also looking forward on hopefully a whole bunch of feedback & inspiration from our backers during and after the campaign. This is why crowdfunding our project on Kickstarter is the perfect way to start. The Stretch Goals - Let's go for it The stretch goals marked as 'Free' will be added free of charge to the Cyclotron Bike, the 'Unlocked' goals are optional for you to chose and require additional payment (increase of pledge amount). LET'S GO FOR IT! Unlocked Goals: - 55,000€: Free RGB LED Halo Lights: Programmable RGB Halo Rim Lights, choose any color you like and adjust the brightness via the Cyclo-App. LED Light color can also be linked to: Speed, cadence or power. - 60,000€: Charge your bikes battery with the Solaris USM. This drop-in solar panel charges your battery in no time, even when you don't ride and just hang out on a sunny day in the park. - 70,000€: A FREE Set of Vinyl Decals ships with every Cyclotron Bike. - 75,000€: The Messenger USM is a slim and sleek to carry your laptop, tablets when heading to the office. - 80,000€: Every Cyclotron bike ships with a FREE aero bottle cage + aero bottle. - 85,000€: Tandem Mount feature integration FREE for the every Cyclotron Bike. The front fork can be attached to the back wheel of a second Cyclotron to get an articulated tandem bike. - 90,000€: Turn Signals feature for FREE. Use your Halo Lights to indicate where you're heading and increase your safety in road traffic. - 100,000€: Drop-in E-Motor USM unlocked. (for technical specifications please see FAQ) The Timeline - What's next We set up a realistic time frame for the Cyclotron project, so we could handle even unforeseen events without running late with the fulfillment to our backers. Engineering (Germany) - A carbon fiber expert that has a strong love for lightweight & fast vehicles. As a student at RWTH Aachen he already helped build an ultralight glider plane with his classmates. The past years he has worked with an automotive concept design team on an electric car. He is supervising the design and development of the advanced CFC Frame & E-Gearbox of the Cyclotron. App Dev (Germany) - Former Fin-Tech developer, these days IT-Consultant for German Commerzbank. At Cyclotron he'll lead the development of the UI and the SaaS components. He recently took a sabbatical with his family in Central & South America. Risks and challenges The Cyclotron Team has successfully been working together for more than three years now and everyone is truly dedicated to the project. We've carefully picked our partners, always looking for the most reliable and long term collaboration and not just the cheapest quote. Our partners for production and fulfillment have decades of experience and can adapt to small and large order quantities. In any case we'll keep our backers informed & updated with all the latest infos & developments of the project. Our commitment is to deliver in time and exceed your expectations with the quality and performance of the Cyclotron. Electric Tricycles & Scooters See what our customers are saying:: Read Some of our Testimonials: 'very pleased with this bike.if i had the money i would bye one more.' Texas '5 stars for the complete trike Nothing but praise!!! I took the basket off and put a child seat there so I can carry my grandson easily! Florida 'Bought this for a relative who is 73 years old and looking for way get around local streets without waiting hours for bus. Driving is not ideal as he hasn't driven for a while and parking is issue.' Fresno, CA 'I searched for this item as I did not have any idea of products. I tried locally in NJ for a source. I no longer drive. I am dependent on family to shop, travel all on their valuable time. Unit was delivered on schedule and in prime condition. I had my grandson put the unit together. I then had a professional check out the unit. COMENT BY PROFESSIONAL 'TOP QUALITY UNIT' It is NOT A POWER ADDED TRIKE AS MOST ARE I live in Point Pleasant Beach in Ocean county I now can shop on my own. The basket is a good size. I have used the unit with power. The charger works well. Prefer the speed and length of charge. I ENCOURAGE ANYONE WHO HAS THE PROBLEM OF INDEPENDET LIVING TO CONSIDER THIS UNIT. If I can do the manual if needed. Think Im 85 yrs. It would have been a breeze at 75. I AM FREE AGAIN' Kenneth A. 'The throttle system is incredibly easy to use and the motor is very effective -- and quick, especially good for crossing roads at green lights. Like another reviewer, I easily got the tricycle to the 15 to 18 mph range. You can pedal and just keep the throttle light, or let the thing zip about -- I do the first just to ensure that I won't run out of battery power. The seat easily adjusts to accomodate shorter people (like me). The cargo area in the back is actually a lot larger than it looks in the picture -- you can easily put in a week's groceries or other items, although I wouldn't put anything fragile in there -- the bike has no springs. No balancing required on regular surfaces (sidewalks, paved bike trails). (This trike will not run well on uneven surfaces and may topple.) I'd strongly recommend this as an alternative transportion for adults like me no longer able to drive or balance a bicycle or two wheeled scooter. It's been great for me.' Montana 'Love this bike it will take me anywhere I want to go. This is my transportation. The bike gets 2nd looks and 'cool ride' everywhere i go. It is very powerful and will take me up any hill I have tried. Recommend this for anyone.' 'I purchased this for my wife, she is handicapped she loves it she rides 15 to 20 miles a day.' 'This item is well-made and working great. This is one motorized item that does not require an operator's license to ride on the streets of a small town; thus, it worked perfectly for my aging father who no longer has a license. This gave him back some independence, boosting his spirit. I recommend this product!' Long Beach, CA CozyTrike The new 2018 edition adult electric tricycles You can use it as a regular tricycle; simply just pedaling, or you can use it as a scooter; with the motor power only, or you can pedal it while using the motor at the same time! No License, No Registration required! Your New 2018 electric tricycle comes with the rearview mirrors, the double-enforced heavy-duty frame, the front and rear basket, the large seat with the back rest, the lights, the alarm, the battery and the charger! The handlebar and the seat can be adjusted up and down, you can tilt it away from you or towards you to make it a very comfortable ride regardless of your size and weight. The rear basket has the removable cover to protect your belongings. Thousands of Happy Customers Cannot Be Wrong! The electric tricycle is a sturdy, 3-wheel tricycle that rides smoothly around town. It is perfect for riders that need to carry cargo. The large metal basket even includes a top. You can use the twist throttle on the handlebar to cruise along with or without pedaling. Our electric tricycles even have a reverse so that you can back up to park or to maneuver around obstacles. Your electric tricycle comes on a pallet, carefully packed, secured, insured and shipped to your door at no extra cost. Are You Ready to Ride? Why is this electric tricycle a better value than a 1. Regular bicycle or tricycle? • you have the option to use it as a motor scooter with the adjustable speed throttle in case you need extra power, such as going up the hill or your legs are just not the ones they used to be • you wish to travel further with more confidence 2. • you can use it like a regular tricycle for exercising • you can pedal it if the batteries go low • it's a tricycle and not a scooter, so you can use it where scooters are prohibited 3. Gas powered vehicle? • you do not need a license • you do not need registration • you can use your trike where motor scooters are banned • it's quiet and elegant • it makes no fumes and we all can breath cleaner air • it's a lot cheaper to operate and own • it's the future Why is this Electric Tricycle a better investment than the other electric trikes on the market? 1/ 48 Volts electronic system generates 1000Watts of power in the front hub. Others have the 12, 24 or 36 Volts system with a lot less power and efficiency. 2/ Spokes connecting to the alloy wheel from the center hub. It does not have the easily-braking plastic wheels but the strong and adjustable spoke construction for more strength. 3/ Superior Front suspension. Providing you with a smooth and stable ride with the precision V-brake. 4/ Sturdy Rear wheels with the huge basket. Plenty of room for your cargo. 5/ Advanced Electronic Command Center to indicate the charge of the battery and other important functions of your trike. 6/ Strong front basket for added cargo space. 7/ High quality chain and crank system for easy pedaling. This features an advanced solution with no need for a chain guard! 8/ Strong fenders and the advanced band-brake system for better stopping. 9/ Convenient Shipping. We deliver your tricycle to your door and not a freight station. Now we are offering our electric tricycle with the comfortable seat equipped with the back rest at no extra cost to you. 10/ All Season Use: you are glad to know that you can enjoy your tricycle all year around. The electronics are sealed, so rain and snow will not matter at all. 11/ Warranty: it gives you the peace of mind that your tricycle comes with the one year warranty. PRICING: Regular Retail Price: $2,299.00 + $150.00 S&H Order Yours Now for Only $1,249.00 and receive a Free rear and front basket, a superior seat with back rest, and the Promotional Free Shipping Today! In Stock: 3 Your Purchasing Options: Electric Tricycle with Lead-acid battery: $1,249.00 Electric Tricycle with Lithium battery: $1,495.50 (last about three times longer!) Optional PowerBooster to get the 1500Watts: $289.50 Optional Extra 2-year extended warranty: $75.00 Don't have money but want to reserve our low price and the free shipping? Watch this video to see why you should buy this trike now. (if you do not see it, it is because your browser may not support this file) Related Products: (click the pictures for details) Why should you purchase from us? • we've been in business since 2001 • we provide you parts and unparalleled service • we offer you the highest quality products • your satisfaction is our utmost priority • we deliver to your door without the middle-man PRICING: Regular Retail Price: $2,299.00 + $150.00 S&H Order Yours Now for Only $1,249.00 and receive a Free rear and front basket, a superior seat with back rest, and the Promotional Free Shipping Today! In Stock: 3 Your Purchasing Options: Electric Tricycle with Lead-acid battery: $1,249.00 Electric Tricycle with Lithium battery: $1,495.50 (last about three times longer!) Optional PowerBooster to get the 1500Watts: $289.50 Optional Extra 2-year extended warranty: $75.00 Don't have money but want to reserve our low price and the free shipping? P Main reasons to own your electric tricycle: • going to work • doing your groceries • exercising • delivering newspapers etc. • having fun • saving $ and making $ • and a lot lot more!!! • • Main Technical Parameters: Top Speed: 20 MPH (pedaling increases speed) Top Range: 25 miles/charge (pedaling increases range) Power: 1000 watts or 1500 watts with PowerBooster Battery: SLA or Lithium Re-charges in: 4 hours Tricycle Length: 60' Tricycle Width: 28' (fits through most doors) Max Weight Limit: 400 Lbs Key Start: Yes Headlight: Included Storage Basket: Included Battery Charger: Included Battery Level Indicator: Included Electronic Alarm System: Included. Rear brake with the safety switch and the horn Front brake with the safety switch and the reverse/forward switch The sturdy frame and wheel with the maintenance-free rear band brake. The easily removable battery pack. You can charge it on or off the tricycle. Your trike comes with the Parking brake as well Some FAQ's What's the PowerBooster? You can choose the PowerBooster to get the 1500 WattsPower for only $289.50! This option can be added on the order page. It cannot be added to your tricycle after it has been shipped. Why this PowerPackage? It will not increase the speed or the range of your trike but it will add extra power to it. It feels like driving a 8-cylinder car instead of a 4-cylinder, that extra power comes handy uphill or when pulling/carrying something with the tricycle! Why should I consider buying an electric tricycle? It is fun to ride, costs almost nothing to operate, gives you exercise (since you have the option to pedal it) and you will belong to the next generation who can think differently by reducing greenhouse gasses to save our Earth.just to name a few reasons. How much does it cost to charge your electric tricycle? It costs about a nickel per charge. We don't recommend running the battery completely dead. You should charge it after every use. What's the difference between the lead-acid and the lithium battery? The Lead-acid battery is heavier and does not last as long as the lithium battery. The lithium battery is a more advanced product. How easy is to remove the battery? It's very simply juts pulling it up by the handles. You do not need to remove the battery to charge it, although you can charge it on and off the tricycle. Can I remove the basket and put a child seat there? You can purchase a child seat at any stores (Walmart etc.) and place it on the platform instead of the basket. How far can your electric tricycle go? I t depends on many factors - terrain wind, tire inflation, weight of rider, riding style. Hills are always a big power drain for any electric vehicle. We recommend that you assist by pedaling on hills. Depending on the steepness of the hills, this can double or triple your travel distance. You can also increase travel distance by starting off with a few cranks of he pedals to get you going. The power, distance per charge etc. Information on any electric tricycle are just estimated as they depend on may factors, some written above. In what colors do these electric tricycles come? We have them in blue or red color. Where can I get parts? We supply parts for our tricycles. Also, many of these parts are interchangeable with any regular tricycles, such as tires, chain etc. What if my battery dies while I am on a longer ride from my home? Nothing special as you can use the tricycle as a regular tricycle to pedal home. How heavy is the trike? It's about 75lbs. Does the tricycle have throttle for speed variation? Yes, it does. It means that you can ride as slow as you want or as fast as about 20 m/h. Are the distance per charge and the speed of the tricycle firm? They depend on the weight of the rider, the terrain, the inflation of the tires, the wind etc. How much assembly is required? Since we put the trike together before shipping for testing purposes but after that we have to remove some components to make it fit in the shipping container, you will have about a 10-15 minutes work on the electric tricycle (adjust the seat etc.) How can I charge the battery? The battery can be charged with the electronic charger that comes with the tricycle. Can I adjust the trike to my own height? Yes, and it' s very simple. You can both adjust the seat and the handlebar to your specifications! Can I carry my child on the tricycle? Yes, you just have to remove the basket and put a seat there, and you are ready to go! Can I pull my trailer with this tricycle? Yes, you can attach any trailer to the back of this amazing trike. ABSTRACT Holy Catherine of Siena (1347–80) was canonized partly due to her excessive fast. For years she was, according to the historical sources, nourished only by the Lord's Supper. ![]() She died thirty-three years old of emaciation and malnutrition. She is a central figure among holy anorexics in the late Middle Ages. This paper presents a brief biographical sketch as a fundament for discussing how self-starvation and self-harm as bodily practices may be understood respectively with reference to the social and religious contexts of the Middle Ages, and with reference to contemporary psychological contexts. Using a phenomenological approach, there is an emphasis on both similarities and differences. The paper proposes a basic community in psychological functioning, with particular emphasis on interactions of body and mind. Whilst there are obvious differences in ascribed meanings to bodily behaviours, the holy anorexic could legitimize her extreme fasting practices, asceticism and by referring to God. This was not only culturally accepted, but also admired and later sanctified. Bo i badekaret for opp til 15 til 20 minutter. Og muligens bringer feber ned noen flere poeng Tips og advarsler. En gang i feber treff 100,3, spesielt hos. The modern person with anorexia legitimizes her practices by referring to herself and one's self-esteem. And she is interpreted by modern psychology, which emphasizes the loss of self-control over emotions and cognitions concerning body, shape and weight. Paracetamol er et trygt febernedsettende og smertestillende legemiddel. Feber hos barn Det samme gjelder nr temperaturen gr opp igjen etter ha vrt p vei ned. Bo i badekaret for opp til 15 til 20 minutter. Og muligens bringer feber ned noen flere poeng Tips og advarsler. En gang i feber treff 100,3, spesielt hos. Du bruker en stor del av ditt voksne. Hos mange ledere i offentlige og. Tiden dukker opp og stiller nye krav hele veien ned og opp gjennom. Paracetamol er et trygt febernedsettende og smertestillende legemiddel. Feber hos barn Det samme gjelder nr temperaturen gr opp igjen etter ha vrt p vei ned. In such a context, she is not only lonely, but also a pathological sufferer. In a historical perspective the saint becomes a patient. Holy Catherine of Siena (1347–80) was canonized partly due to her excessive fast. For years she was, according to the historical sources, nourished only by the Lord's Supper. She died thirty-three years old of emaciation and malnutrition. She is a central figure among holy anorexics in the late Middle Ages. This paper presents a brief biographical sketch as a fundament for discussing how self-starvation and self-harm as bodily practices may be understood respectively with reference to the social and religious contexts of the Middle Ages, and with reference to contemporary psychological contexts. Using a phenomenological approach, there is an emphasis on both similarities and differences. The paper proposes a basic community in psychological functioning, with particular emphasis on interactions of body and mind. Whilst there are obvious differences in ascribed meanings to bodily behaviours, the holy anorexic could legitimize her extreme fasting practices, asceticism and by referring to God. This was not only culturally accepted, but also admired and later sanctified. The modern person with anorexia legitimizes her practices by referring to herself and one's self-esteem. And she is interpreted by modern psychology, which emphasizes the loss of self-control over emotions and cognitions concerning body, shape and weight. In such a context, she is not only lonely, but also a pathological sufferer. In a historical perspective the saint becomes a patient. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
February 2018
Categories |